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Participle 2
Participle 1 Non-Finite Forms Weak Verbs and their Development 1. The division of weak verbs into classes was based on the original stem-building suffix of a verb that was already hard to distinguish even in OE:
2. Weak verbs were not as complex as strong ones and had a greater regularity and simplicity. That’s why they were productive, i.e. all borrowed verbs used weak model of form-building (suffix -t/-d) (e.g. Scand. to skate, Fr. to charm, Lat. to decorate, etc.) and, as it has already been mentioned above, many originally strong verbs turned into weak (e.g. to bake, to laugh, to help, to lie, etc.). The opposite process of turning of weak verbs into strong was very rare and was mainly based on phonetic similarity between some strong and weak verbs, i.e. was a result of mere confusion that later was accepted as a norm due to its persistent and regular character (e.g. to wear was originally weak and became strong because of the mistaken analogy with to swear, to ring (mistaken analogy with to sing), to hide (mistaken analogy with to ride)). The formation of the Participle 1 was as follows:
In OE Participle 1 was considered Present Participle, had only the form of the Active Voice, possessed the categories of Number, Gender, Case. It was used predicatively and attributively (agreed with the noun in Number, Gender, Case). In ME it lost its nominal and adjectival features together with the categories of Number, Gender, Case and became unchangeable. As it has been mentioned in the table above, in OE Participle 2 was formed: · in strong verbs – with the help of the suffix –en (+ sometimes root-vowel interchange) + often marked by prefix ζe-: e.g. OE bindan (Infinitive) – ζe b u nd en (Participle 2) (to bind) In ME prefix ζe- was weakened to prefix i-/y- (e.g. ME y-runne (run, Part.2 from “to run”) and in NE it disappeared at all. · in weak verbs – with the help of the suffix -t/-d: e.g. OE cēpan (Infinitive) – cēpe d (Participle 2) (to keep) Participle 2, unlike Participle 1, had two meanings of the category of Voice:
Thus in OE Participle 2 was considered Past Participle, had the forms of the Active and Passive Voice, possessed the categories of Number, Gender, Case. It was used predicatively and attributively (agreed with the noun in Number, Gender, Case). In ME it lost the category of Voice and the categories of Number, Gender, Case and became unchangeable.
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