Principles of classification of parts of speech

Notional and functional (formal) parts of speech.

Principles of classification of parts of speech. Possible ways of the grammatical classification of the vocabulary.

PARTS OF SPEECH.

LECTURE 3.

Paradigmatic relations exist between elements of the system outside the sequence where they co-occur. These intra-systemic relations and dependencies find their expression in the fact that each lingual unit is included in a set or series of connections based on different formal and functional properties.

Morphemes within the words are also connected syntagmatically.

E.g.: space/ship; launch/ed; with/out; boost/er.

Phonemes are connected syntagmatically within morphemes and words, as well as at various juncture points.

Syntagmatic relations are actually observed in utterances.

Paradigmatic relations coexist with syntagmatic relations in such a way that some sort of syntagmatic connection is necessary for the realisation of any paradigmatic series. This is especially evident in a classical grammatical paradigm which presents a productive series of forms each consisting of a syntagmatic connection of two elements: one common for the whole of the series (stem), the other specific for every individual form in the series (grammatical feature - inflexion, suffix, auxiliary word). Grammatical paradigms express various grammatical categories.

The minimal paradigm consists of two form-stages. This kind of paradigm we see, for instance, in the expression of the category of number: boy — boys

Plan:

The traditional term “ parts of speech ” was developed in Ancient Greek linguistics. The term “ parts of speech ” is accepted by modern linguistics to denote the lexico-grammatical classes of words correlating with each other in the general system of language on the basis of their grammatically relevant properties.

Parts of speech are grammatical classes of words distinguished on the basis of three criteria: semantic, morphological and syntactic, i.e. meaning, form and function.

The classification is based on three principles: (1) meaning, (2) form, (3) function.

(1) By meaning we do not mean the individual meaning of each separate word (its lexical meaning) but the meaning common to all the words of the given class and constituting its essence. Thus, the meaning of the substantive (noun) is "thingness". This applies equally to all and every noun and constitutes the structural meaning of the noun as a type of word. Similarly, the meaning of the verb as a type of word is that of "process", whatever the individual meaning of a separate verb may happen to be.

(2) By form we mean the morphological characteristics of a type of word. Thus, the noun is characterised by the category of number (singular and plural), the verb by tense, mood, etc. Several types of words (prepositions, conjunctions, and others) are characterised by invariability.

(3) By function we mean the syntactical properties of a type of word: (a) its method of combining with other words, (b) its function in the sentence; (a) has to deal with phrases, (b) with sentence structure.

For example, write letters – Verb+Noun; (write quickly – Verb + Adverb).

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