Associative learning

Obligate and facultative learning.

The principle of least effort by Skinner.

Animals seek to obtain a reward at the fastest and the most convenient way.

3. Law of instinctive bias of acquired behavior (Merian and Keller Breland). "Learned behavior shifts toward instinctive whenever strong innate instincts of an animal similar to the conditioned response." Law reinforcement is insufficient to overcome the innate tendencies to certain types of behavior.

Principle - the need of a particular reaction learning to survive in standard conditions.

Obligate (required) learning - a set of skills necessary for the survival of individuals.

Facultative (Optional or not required) learning - skills that appear in some individuals in response to specific conditions.

3. Non-associative and associative learning and cognitive processes in animals. Zorina S. and I. Poletaeva, summarizing research results of predecessors, offer the classification of forms of individual adaptive activity of animals:

1. Non-associative learning refers to "a relatively permanent change in the strength of response to a single stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus.

· Habituation

In psychology, habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which there is a progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with repetition stimulus. An animal first responds to a stimulus, but if it is neither rewarding nor harmful the animal reduces subsequent responses.

· Sensitisation

Sensitisation is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus

Associative learning is the process by which an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned. The two forms of associative learning are classical and operant conditioning.

· Classic conditioning reflexes (Signal – Stimulus)

· Tool conditioning reflexes (Signal –Animal Action – Stimulus)

Дата добавления: 2013-12-12