Classification of phrasal verbs

Do keep.

Verbs used to form phrasal verbs

After away for out under

against back forth over up

ahead before forward overboard upon

along behind from past with

among below in round without

apart beneath into

The English language has about 40 verbs which can be used with the mentioned above 48 particles and which are especially problematic for students of English (the bold type is used with the verbs which are most often used to form phrasal verbs):

break fall kick make put stay

bring get knock move run stick

call give lay pass send take

cast go lie play set talk

come hang live pull sit throw

cut hold look push stand turn

Verbs can be transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs have object after them, and

intransitive do not.

Different linguists create their own classifications of phrasal verbs, depending on various aspects of these combinations.

c) classification based on predictability of phrasal verbs.

d) Cobuild Collins Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs classifies all phrasal verbs into four main types, the meanings of which range from highly unpredictable to reasonably predictable ones.

1. The combinations the meaning of which cannot be understood from the meaning of their components, e.g.: go off (explode), put off (postpone), turn down (reject).

2. The combinations in which the verb is always used with the particular preposition or adverb, and is not normally found without it, e.g.: refer to, rely on.

3. The combinations where the particle does not change the meaning of the verb, but is used to suggest that the action described by the word is performed thoroughly, completely, or continuously. For example, in spread out, the verb spread has its basic meaning, and the adverb out adds the idea of direction and thoroughness. In link up, the particle up adds an idea of completeness to the idea of connection. So, in such combinations the particles intensify the meaning of the verbs.

4. The combinations where the verb and particle both have meanings which can be easily understood, as in come out (leave the place), go up (move to a higher position). However, come out has 18 other meanings, and go up also has 12 other meanings, which cannot be easily understood from the meanings of the verbs come, go and particles out, up.

b) classification based on transitivity of the verb

Jane Povey divides phrasal verbs into six groups, following the classification given in Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal verbs. This classification is based on the transitive character of the verb the particles are used with:

1. intransitive verb with an adverbial particle: The alarm clock went off at 7 o'clock.

2. intransitive verb with a prepositional particle: I came across that word in the newspaper.

3. intransitive verb with both an adverbial and a prepositional particle: She put up with the interruptions cheerfully.

4. transitive verb with an adverbial particle: He looked up the word/he looked the word up in the dictionary.

5. transitive verb with a prepositional particle: The instructor put my sister off driving.

6. transitive verb with both an adverbial and a prepositional particle: You shouldn't take your resentment out on the children.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-05