Communicative Units

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

TYPES OF DIALOGUES. CHARACTERISTICS OF EVERYDAY DIALOGUE.

Dialogue is a type of conversation, which changes the information state of communicants. Dialogue exists in all spheres of human’s communication as people need to exchange information, emotions and evaluations.

There exist some types of dialogues characteristic of different functional styles:

- unofficial everyday dialogue;

- an interview;

- discussion;

- judicial investigation

- business talk.

Characteristics of the everyday dialogue are the next:

- two or more interlocutors are present in the communicative situation;

- socio-psychological characteristics of interlocutors;

- priority of oral form of speech realization;

- spontaneous unprepared speech;

- high tempo of speech.

- the topic of conversation is unknown in advance and can vary greatly.

- Principle of communicative cooperation;

- Principle of communicative interaction;

- Principle of communicative influence;

- Principle of communicative-pragmatic predominance;

- Principle of communicative sufficiency

- Principle of advance reaction

COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF H.P.GRICE

The general: Make your conversation such as is required at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. It is co-operative principles.

Grace distinguished 4 categories: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner.

Under the category of Quantity fall the following maxims:

1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of exchange)

2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

Under the category of Quality falls a supermaxim: “Try to make your contribution one that is true” – and 2 more specific maxims:

1. Do not say what you believe to be false.

2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

Under the category of Relation Grice placed a single maxim “Be relevant”.

The category of Manner relates not to what is said, but to HOW what is said is to be said. The supermaxim is: “Be perspicuous” and various maxims are:

1. Avoid obscurity of expression

2. Avoid ambiguity

3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)

4. Be orderly

A participant in a talk exchange may fail to fulfil a maxim in various ways:

1. He may violate a maxim.

2. He may opt out from the operation both of the maxim and co-operative principle.

3. He may be faced by a clash.

4. He may flout a maxim.

Adjacency pair or a dialogical unit is a specially organized communicative unit of the dialogue. It consists of the utterances of at least 2 interlocutors these utterances have the same topic. Dialogical unit is characterized by the next 6 factors:

1. communicative coherence;
2. possessing a definite intention and it is realized through;
3. logic-semantic,
4. pragmatic;
5. lexical;
6. prosodic coherence

Some scholars speak about paralinguistic coherence.

Dialogical units differ in the components’ quantity. They can be bi-nominal, tri-nominal, 4-5-6-nominal Dialogical Units. The most common are bi- and tri-nominal Dialogical Units

Initiation or reaction can consist of several functional types of sentences. The components of Adjacency Pair are:

1. Communicative Move. It is a minimal unit of dialogical communication. It belongs to 1 speaker and corresponds to 1 functional type of sentence, possessing its own intention.

2. Communicative Turn. It’s a unit of the dialogue consisting of 2 or more communicative moves of 1 communicant. Each of the communicative moves has its own intention. The intentions of communicative moves, forming one communicative turn, should be united by the same communicative task.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-05