The Puritans

Colonial beginning.

Initial English attempts at colonization were disasters. The first colony was set up in 1585 at Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina; all its colonists disappeared. The second colony was more permanent: Jamestown, established in 1607. It endured starvation, brutality, and misrule. However, the literature of the period paints America in glowing colors as the land of riches and opportunity. Accounts of the colonization became world-renowned.

In the 17th century, pirates, adventurers, and explorers opened the way to a second wave of permanent colonists, bringing their wives, children, farm implements, and craftsmen's tools. The early literature of exploration is made up of diaries, letters, travel journals, ships' logs, and reports to the explorers' financial backers. Because England eventually took possession of the North American colonies, the best known and most anthologized colonial literature is English.

The story of American literature begins in the early 1600^th. The earliest writers were Englishmen describing the English exploration and colonization of the New World (America). Thomas Hariot `s “ Briefe and True Report of the New – Found land of Virginia” (1588) was only the first of many such works. Back in England, people planning to move to Virginia or New England would read the books as travel guides. But it was dangerous because such books often mixed facts with fantasy. People could certainly read them as tales of adventure and excitement. Like modern readers of science fiction, they could enjoy imaginary voyages to places they could never visit in reality.

The writing of Captain John Smith (1538-1631) “True Relation of Virginia”(1608) and “Description of New England” (1616) are fascinating “advertisements” which try to persuade the reader to settle in the New World, and the Puritans (believers in a simple Christian religion without ceremony) followed his advice and settled there in 1620. Smith was often boastful about his own adventures in his books. His “ General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the summer Isles” ( 1624) contains the story of his rescue by a beautiful Indian princess. The story is probably untrue, but it is the first famous tale from American literature. His Elizabethan style was not always easy to read, and his punctuation was strange even for the 17^th century.

Almost from the beginning, as the English settled along the Atlantic coast of America, there were important differences between the Southern and the New England colonies. In the South, enormous farms or “plantations” used the labor of black slaves to grow tobacco. The rich and powerful plantation owners were slow to develop a literature of their own. They preferred books imported from England. But in New England, the Puritan settlers had come to the New World in order to form a society based on strict Christian beliefs. Like the Puritans in England, who were fighting against the English kings, they believed that society should be based on the laws of God. Therefore they had a far stronger sense of unity and of a “shared purpose”. This was one of reasons why culture and literature developed much faster than in the south. Harvard, the 1^st college in the colonies, was founded near Boston in 1636 in order to train new puritan ministers. The fist printing press in America was started there in 1638, and America`s first newspaper began in Boston in 1704.

It is likely that no other colonists in the history of the world were as intellectual as the Puritans, most of them of English or Dutch origin. Between 1630 and 1690, there were as many university graduates in the northeastern section of the United States, known as New England, as in England. The self-made and often self-educated Puritans wanted education to understand and execute God's will as they established their colonies throughout New England.

Puritan style varied enormously – from complex metaphysical poetry to homely journals and crushingly pedantic religious history. Whatever the style or genre, certain themes remained constant. Life was seen as a test; failure led to eternal damnation and hellfire, and success to heavenly bliss. This world was an arena of constant battle between the forces of God and the forces of Satan, a formidable enemy with many disguises.

Scholars have long pointed out the link between Puritanism and capitalism: Both rest on ambition, hard work, and an intense striving for success. Although individual Puritans could not know, in strict theological terms, whether they were “saved” and among the elect who would go to heaven, Puritans tended to feel that earthly success was a sign of election. Wealth and status were sought not only for themselves, but as welcome reassurances of spiritual health and promises of eternal life.

Moreover, the concept of stewardship encouraged success. The Puritans felt that in advancing their own profit and their community's well-being, they were also furthering God's plans. The great model of writing, belief, and conduct was the Bible, in an authorized English translation. The great antiquity of the Bible made it authoritative to Puritan eyes.

As the 1600s wore on into the 1700s, religious dogmatism gradually dwindled, despite sporadic, harsh Puritan efforts to stem the tide of tolerance. The spirit of toleration and religious freedom that gradually grew in the American colonies was first established in Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, home of the Quakers. The humane and tolerant Quakers, or “Friends,” as they were known, believed in the sacredness of the individual conscience as the fountainhead of social order and morality. The fundamental Quaker belief in universal love and brotherhood made them deeply democratic and opposed to dogmatic religious authority. Driven out of strict Massachusetts, which feared their influence, they established a very successful colony, Pennsylvania, under William Penn in 1681.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-06