And our psychoanalysis and behaviors

Двоичная система счисления.

Позиционные и непозиционные системы счисления.

Другие системы счисления.

Двенадцатеричная система: Происхождение связано со счетом на пальцах. Счет осуществляется по количеству фаланг на руке человека: всего их 12.Так, например, в Англии используется в системе мер: 1 фут = 12 дюймам, 1 шиллинг = 12 пенсам.

Пятеричная система: Использовалась у Африканских племен и длительное время в Китае. Она связана с количеством пальцев на руке.

Двадцатеричная система: Использовалась у ацтеков и майя – народов, населявших в течение многих столетий обширные области Американского континента и у кельтов, населявших Западную Европу начиная со второго тысячелетия до нашей эры. Основу для данной системы составляли пальцы рук и ног. Во Франции основная денежная единица, франк, делится на 20 су.(1 франк = 20 су).

Говоря о системах счисления, их принято делить на два класса: позиционные и непозиционные.

Позиционные системы: В позиционных системах счисления, величина, обозначаемая цифрой, зависит от места(позиции) цифры в числе. Так в числе 222 цифра 2 встречается трижды. Но самая правая означает две единицы, вторая справа – два десятка (двадцать), третья – две сотни (двести).

Пример: 23 ¹ 32

Непозиционные системы: В непозиционных системах счисления (величина) числа определяется как сумма или разность цифр в числе. В непозиционных системах счисления считать очень трудно. Пример непозиционной системы счисления – римская система счисления.

Методическая трудность изучения этого материала определяется, прежде всего, непривычностью для школьника двоичной формы представления чисел. Этот «психологический барьер» удается преодолеть далеко не сразу.

Материал, изложенный в учебниках, направлен, на то, что для понимания сути работы компьютера в принципе достаточно знать, что команды программы и данные могут быть закодированы в виде последовательностей 0 и 1 и что ЭВМ может эти коды различать и преобразовывать.

Но представления о двоичной системе счисления, знание её особенностей, ограничений, присущих ей, и её преимуществ принесет пользу ученику, поможет понять многие важные аспекты строения и работы ЭВМ.

Чтобы сформировать у учащихся представление о двоичной системе счисления лучший способ сравнения двух систем счисления. Вспомнить с учащимися ранее известные системы счисления. Понятие позиционной системы, разряд – местоположение символа в числе.

and i want to talk about psychoanalysis

today

and behaviors and next week

now one of these things

one of the things that makes these theories so interesting

is their scope

most of the work went to talk about in this class most of their ideas are

narrow

so let's not let some but is that somebody's idea about racial prejudice

but that's not a theory of language acquisition

we'll talk about the recent schizophrenic at

but they're not tom

exclamations of sexual attractiveness

most theories are specialized theories

with these two views are grass

theory fifty rees of everything

encompassing just about everything that matters

day-to-day life child development mental illness religion war love

freund skinner had explanations of all of these

now this is not a history course

i has zero interest in describing historical figures and psychology just

for the sake of telling about the history of the field

what i want to tell you about though

is i want to talk about these ideas because so much rests on them

and even more importantly

a lot of these ideas have critical influence

on how we think about the present

and that's that

for better or worse we live in a world profoundly affected by sigmund freud

if i had to ask you

choose a psycho maintain a psychologist

most to be

freud

he's the most famous psychologist ever

he's had a brief

found influence

on the twentieth and twenty first century

omp some biographical information he was born in eighteen fifties

he spent most of his life and not vienna austria

and um... but he died in london

and he escaped from london

soon after treating their obv at the beginning of war were to

as the nazis began to occupy

where he lived

he's one of the most famous scholars ever

but he's not known for any single discovered

instead he's known for the development of an income to sing theory of mind

one of the developer with a span of many decades

he was in his time extremely well-known

celebrity recognized on the street

and throughout his life he was a man of extraordinary energy and product liberty

in part because he was a very serious cocaine addict

but also just in general he was as a high-energy sort of person

he was out for dinner well prize in medicine end in literature

didn't get either one of them

didn't get the prize in medicine 'cause albert einstein

everybody loves albert einstein

well albert einstein really rotor wrote a letter because the african ends of

other nobel prize

would let it sink

don't get the price to fried

he doesn't deserve a nobel prize in just a psychologist

yes

while he's almost universally acclaimed as a profoundly important intellectual

figure he's also the object of considerable dislike

comp

this is in part because of his character

he was not a very nice man in many ways

he was deeply ambitious

the consequence aiko analysis

the cause of presenting his view in defending it

and he was on that

often dishonest extremely brutal to his friends

antonio terrible to his enemies

he was an interesting character may favor freud story

as he was leaving your up

during a rise of the nazis

as he was ready to go tend to go to england

from un i think either germany are austria

he had to sign a letter from the gestapo gestapo agents are intercepted him

and demanded he signed a letter saying

but at no point in hebron threatened or harassed by the gestapo

so he signs the letter

and any rights underneath it

the gestapo is not harming in any way

in fact i highly recommend it to stop what everybody

it's ads

he had under certain aggression

to him

he was also he's also disliked

often heated

because of his views

he was seen as a sexual renegade out to destroy the conception of of people

as good a national interest in his

again when the nazis rose to power in the nineteen thirties

he was identified as a jew

who was devoted to destroying the most sacred notions of christianity

and too many expect them to some extent

uh... many people see in this way

and to some extent

on this accusation has some truth to it

freud made claims the boat people

that many of us

maybe most of us would rather not know

well ok what'd he say

if you ask somebody who doesn't like freud what he said dealt describe some

of the super things he said

when in fact freud said allot of things some of which we're not very rational

for instance undp

he's well known for his account of phallic symbols arguing certain

architectural monuments our our

subconsciously developed as penile representations

and related to this he developed in the tortillas theory a penis ending

and penis envy is a is in at an account of the developmental state

that everyone of you who was female has gone through according to freud

and ideas that you discovered

at some point you development that you lack the penis

this is not this is a catastrophe

and so each of you

inferred

at that point

but you have been castrated you had once

happiness

but somebody had taken it from him

you then

turn to your father

and blow her father

because your father has a penis so he's a sort of penis substitute

you reject your mother whose equally unworthy due to a rare

and

that shapes your psycho sexual development

now does a sort of thing you know about freud you're not going to have a very

high opinion

of him

or others work

at the core of freud defamation the more interesting ideas is this as a set of

planes

of immense intellectual importance

and the two main ones are that's the two main ones involved existence

of an unconscious

unconscious motivation

and the notion of of unconscious dynamics are unconscious conflict

which lead to mental illnesses dreams

slips of the time and so on

the first idea idea of unconscious motivation

uh...

involves rejecting the claim that you know what you're doing

so suppose you fall in love somebody

and you decide you want to marry

and then somebody was asked to ask you why

and you say something like well

i'm ready to get married a stage in my life i really love the person to person

this martin attractive i want to have kids whatever

and maybe

this is true

freudian might say that even if this is your honest answer

you're not long

to anybody else

still

you

there are designers and motivations that govern your behavior

that you may not be aware of

un so

in fact

you might want to marry john

uh... because he reminds you of your father

are because you want to get back and somebody for the train you

if somebody was to tell you this

you sick total nonsense

but i wouldn't deter a freudian a fourteen would say that these processes

are unconscious

so could you just don't know what's happening so the radical idea here is

you might not know white wine who what you do

and this is something we accept the things that visual perception

we accept that you look around the world and you get sensations in your figure

there's if there's a card is a tree that is a person

and you just unconscious about this happens

but it's unpleasant and kind of frightening

if this could happen

that this could

applied to things like why you are now studying at yale

why you feel the way you do towards your friends towards your family

now

the marriage cases extreme

froing gives a lot of simpler examples with this sort of unconscious

motivation might play a role so have you ever like somebody or dislike them and

not not know why

have you ever found yourself in a situation where you're your doing

something

or your arguing for something

or making a decision for reasons that you can fully articulate

have you ever forgotten somebody's name

at exactly the wrong time

have you ever call it the wrong name in the throes of passion

this is all

the freudian unconscious idea is that we do these things these things are

explained in terms of of colin of systems that were not aware of

now although this would be fine

if your unconscious was a reasonable rational computer if you aren't

conscious was

really smart

and looking out for your best interest

but according to freud that's not the way it works according to freud the

river

three distinct processes going on in your head

in these aren't violent internal conflict

and the way you act in a way you'd think our products not of a singular rational

being

but have a set of conflicting creatures

and these three parts

are the area

the ego

and the super ego

and they emerge developmentally

they feared according to freud

is present at birth

is to adult part of the self

it once the equal drink pete poop

get warm

and have sexual satisfaction

it is l religiously stupid

it works and what freud call the pleasure principle

it once pleasure

and at once it now

and that's according to frighten

how human begins

purity

freud had this wonderful phrase

polymorphism perversity

pure desire for pleasure

now unfortunately like doesn't work like that

what you want isn't always what you get

and this leads to a set of reactions to cope with the facts

that pleasures and always there when you want it

planning how to satisfy your desires

or planning how to suppress them

and this system is known as the ego

or the self

and it works

off the reality principle

annotate it works on the principal trying to figure out how to make your

way through the world

how to satisfy your players or in some cases had to give up on

and the ego trip emergence of the ego four freud symbolizes the origin of

consciousness

finally

if this was all their wives it might be a simpler world

but freud had a third component that of the super ego

and the super ego is internalize rules appearance in society

so what happens in the course of development is

you're just trying to make you wait for the world satisfy your desires but

sometimes you're punished

some desires are inappropriate

actions are wrong

and you're punished for it

the idea is that you come out you'd be you get in your head

a super ego a conscience

in these movies would be like a little angel above your head

that tells you when things are wrong

and basically yourself the ego is inbetween

they did

and the super ego

one thing to realize i told you the is outrageously stupid

it just as

open hungry phone sex

hope this gets or

the super ego is also stupid

the super ego point of what is not something really in moral philosopher

telling you are right now

the silvery the zike you should be ashamed of yourself yes discussing stop

doing that

in between these two screaming creatures and one of your one of them

telling you to seek your desires to other one telling you should be ashamed

of yourself

is the ego

now cordoned off right

most of this is unconscious

so we see bubbling up to the top me feel we experience

ourselves

enna driving a bit did the forces of the gate and the forces of the super ego

are unconscious in that

we cannot access them

we don't know which it's like the workings of our of our

kidneys our stomachs

you can't respect and find them

rather they do their work without conscious knowledge

now for a light

developed this this is the freudian theory indian in broad outline

he extended it

and develop it into a theory

of psycho sexual development

and so fried areas as i said before a serious everyday life

of decisions of errors of falling in love

but is also a theory of child development

so throw it believed they were five stages

of personality development

in each is associated with a particular garages zone

and freud believed as well

that if you have a problem at a certain stages something goes wrong you'll be

stuck there

supporter freud or people in this room or are what they are because they got

stuck

immoral stage road aimal stage

and and

that's not good

so goal stages when you start off

but now it is associate or pleasure

everything is sucking and chewing and so on

and the problem for freud is

premature weaning of a child

depriving him of the breast

could lead to serious problems in his personality element

it could make him

as the phrase go

goes into a normal person

and this or rather be could be and

described literally

it freud uses has an explanation for why somebody might be too much

or true god or smoke

they're trying to achieve satisfaction threw them out

of a sort they didn't get in this very early stage of development

but it will also be more abstract

if your roommate is dependent and needy

you could then go to your remains a your moral person

the first year of your life did not go well

a phrase even more popular

is the anal stage

and that happens after oral stage and problems can emerge

toilet training has not handled correctly

if you have problems during those years of life you could become

enable

personality

according to freud and your roomate gets a your problem is

your two ii

according to freud literally it meant your unwilling to part with their own

feces

it's written down pair an old group

and the way it manifests itself as you know

from just how people talk is

compulsive

get clean your stingy

this is the email personality

then it gets a little bit

more complicated

on the next phase of the phallic stage at this is not much more complicated

the focus of pleasure

shifts to the generals

haha

and uh...

fixation

can lead to excessive masculinity

in females

or if your feet in nails or if your female need for attention or domination

now at this point

something really interesting happens

call the edit this complex

and this is based on the story

the mythical story of a keen

who killed his father

and married his mother

and according to

this happens to all of us

in in

well all of us by all of us

freud man

so here's the idea

your three or four years old

you're in the phallic stage

so what are you interested in what your address to your penis

uh...

you seek an external hard object for a sort of big about this but you know

you seek some sort of satisfaction

well cools out there

who'll be sweet and kind and loving and wonderful

well

mom

sort of thailand for confers mom is nice

naw

some parts of course the cause of this is not crazy wellpoint falling in love

as mother

that's it

now this is going to get progressively whereof i want to say

as the father

of two of two sons both times went to a phase where they explicitly said

they want to marry mommy and me

is something that happened to me that when the worst thing in the world

so soda resist

but now

it gets a little bit aggressive so so that is a child herman's that he's going

to kill his father

every three in fort worth texas

un but then

because children according freud don't have agood sense of

the brown read between her mind in the world which is a super problem the

problem is

is they don't be they sink their father

can't help

better plotting to kill him

and they figure fathers now angry at them

and then ask themselves what's the worst thing that could do to me

and that service

castration

so they they come to the conclusion that her father is going to castrate them

because illicit looked for their mom

and then they say that that

and they don't think about sex

for several years

and that the late sixties latency stages they've gone to accuse them of mom and

dad

full of love mom

wanted to kill my father

that is going to castrate made

fellow love mom

at a sex business

and it's x's repressed

until you get to the general state

and the general stages

this stage we are all in

healthy adult stitch

undp

now nayar adults and you've gone through all the developmental stages

where where do you stand in other words yet

because

unconscious mechanism still even if you haven't got fixated or anything

there's still this dynamic going on all the time

with you if you need to and you're super ego

uh... and ideas is super regal remember your super egos to put

history though isn't only telling you

not to do that

it's telling you not to think bad things

so what's happening is your it did

is setting up world as we are sick stuff

all of these crazy sexual in violent desires oak park il

allow have sex with that

out of extra helpings i am i deserved

history use every tuesday no no now

in this topic is requested

it doesn't even make it the consciousness

the problem is for you had a very corrupt hydraulics theory

of what goes on

and some other stuff slips out

and it shows up in dreams

and it shows up and slips of the tunnel and an exceptional cases it shows a

blizzard clinical symptoms

so what happens is

freud describe a lot of normal life

as in terms of different ways we use

to keep that horrible stuff from the id making its way the consciousness

and he called these

defense mechanisms

you're defending yourself against the hook

the horrible parts

of yourself

as some of these make a little bit of sense

i mean one way to describe this

in a non technical non pro e anways

are certain things about ourselves we rather not now

there's certain desires and rather not know and we have wasted time

so presents are sublimation

sublimation is you might have a lot of energy

maybe sexual energy are aggressive energy

but instead of turning into a sexual or aggressive target

we do you focus that in some other way

so you can imagine a great artists like picasso

turning the sexual energy into his artwork

there is armed

there's displacement

displacement is com

you have certain shameful flops our desires

and you refocus the more appropriately

a boy was bullied by his father

meeting his father

and want to her

but since this with this is very shameful and difficult the boy might

instead keep the dog

instantly heated up

because that's a more acceptable target

there's projection

projection is ice

have certain unconcerned impulses i'm uncomfortable with

so grab it and all of them myself project into somebody ballots

a classic example for fraud

is homosexual desires

ideas that i feel this tremendous lust towards you for instance

any any only you three

and i'm ashamed of this lost

so wrestling says paper you guys looking at me in a sexual manner

r_u_ lasting after many help discussed

because what i do as i take my own desired and i projected to others

and freud suggested

perhaps not implausible e

that men who believe other men

who are obsessed with the sexuality of other men

are themselves

projecting away their own sexual desires

there's rationalization

uh... which is that when you do something i think something bad

you rationalize it you give it a more

socially acceptable explanation i cant who enjoys smacking his child

will typically not say i enjoy smacking my child rather allsec is for the

child's on good

i'd be a good parent by doing this

and finally there is regression which is returning to an earlier stage of

development and you actually see this in children

in times

of stress

and trauma

they'll become younger

bill ackman

they might cried and i suck her thumb

segoe blanket purcell

these are all mechanisms that for for a while you are not the slightest bit

pathological

they're part of normal life

normally we do these things

to keep in the equilibrium

among the different systems of the unconscious

sometimes it doesn't work

sometimes things go awry

and what happens is a phrase does not currently used in psychology

bose popular during freud's time

hysteria

hysteria includes phenomenon like

hysterical blindness in this terrible deftness which is when you cannot see

you cannot hear

even though there's nothing physiologically wrong with you

paralysis trembling panic attacks gaps of memory including amnesia and so on

and ideas

that these are actually symptoms

these are symptoms of mechanisms going on

to keep things unconscious

it's a common enough idea and movies

often in movies what happens somebody goes to an analyst

yes and horrible problem

they can't remember something

or they have some sort of blackouts and so on

and analyst tells them something

and at one point

they get this insight

and they realized what why they pointed themselves

why they can't remember

and for flight dis is what happens

freud originally attempted together

these memories out

through hypnosis

but then moved to the mechanism of free association

and according to freud ideas

patients offered resistance

to this

and uh... and then the idea that psychoanalyst is too

get over to resistance and help patients

insight the key notion of of psychoanalysis is

your problems

are actually un

reflect deeper phenomena

you're hiding something from yourself

and once

you know what's going on to deeper phenomenon your problems go away

i'm going to give you an example of a therapy session

this is not a freudian analysis

we'll discuss later on in the course what a freudian analysis is

but this is not a cure for another forty announces a verse is lying on the coach

does not see the therapist or therapist is very non directive

but i'm going to present this as an example here

because if you look straight so many of the freudian themes

particularly themes but creams

the importance of dreams

about repression and about hidden meaning

so this is from a television episode

and the characters many some of you may have seen this many of you will not have

but character is suffering from panic attacks

in particular yes panic attacks when he sees east his first panic attack

originated when he want to a swimming pool he saw family of ducks

fly away

we had a panic attack

heart high heart pounding

sweating flushed

and he passed out

and these panic attacks grew worse and worse elise off their first who ended up

with driving a medication

and this is

discusses one of is one of the meetings he had

with the stairs

freud's contributions extend beyond

the study of individual psychology individual pathology

freud have a lot to say but dreams

eyes you can see in this illustration

he believed it rains had it

a manifest content

manifest meaning what you experience in your

but dreams always had a latent content as well leaving the hidden

the hidden

implication of the dream

he viewed all dreams as wish fulfillment

every dream you have a certain wish u happy even though my paper been which

you wouldn't wish to have

you would want to have

and dreams had and this is an idea long predate freud dreams had symbolism

things in dreams

were often not

what they seem to be rather symbols for other things

freud believe the literature and fairy tales and stories to children and

and light

carried

uh...

certain

universal themes

certain aspects of unconscious struggles

uncertain

preoccupations of our unconscious mind

and for that a lot to say about religion

for instance

uh... he viewed a large part of our com

out there give finding a singular or powerful god

as seeking out a father figure

person was never have

during development

what i want to spend the rest of the class on

is the scientific assessment of freud to what i did was so far as i told you

what freud had to say in broad outline i don't want to take on

to consider whether or not we should believe this

and how will it fits with our model

science

but before doing so i'm

i'll take questions for a few minutes to people have any questions about

about freud are freud's theories

so that some question the question is

that the conflicts and psycho sexual development that freud described

is is

always assumes that a child as a mother and father

one of each in a certain sort of familial structure

the question then is

whatever child raised by single parent

whatever child was never breastfed

but fed from the bottle from the start

and and freudian slip had problems with this project

freud was very

focused on the family life of the people the interacted with which is rather

upper-class europeans

and these are the questions would've been difficult for fright answer i am as

you know what a protein would have to say as you would expect systematic

differences

so you would expect

child who just grew up with a mother just got to be a father with a father

to be in some sense like a logically damaged by that

failing to go through the normal cycle sexual status

off the issue the question is do modern psychoanalyst still believe that women

do not have super egos

um... freud was was as you're pointing out freud was notorious for pointing for

for suggesting that women

were morally and mature

relative to men

i think freud would say that women had super egos

they're just not the sort of

sturdy ones that men have

i think psychoanalyst and psychoanalytic scholars right now would be next

some would maintain a to really are deep sex differences

others would want to jettison that aspect of ordinary

what sublimation is

a lot of these is a good question the question is to tutor what is sublimation

has a right to other

defense mechanisms

a lot of defense mechanisms it

involved taking a desire

and turning it

now what displacement does is

it takes it from you to her

like untangle yet you but maybe that's for been for some reason so be andrea

are

what projection does is takes a desire for me

and then puts it on somebody else heading upwards

and what sublimation does is it just

gives out the details and keeps the energy

so you stay up that you know your roomate stays up all night working

and you say the roomate for instance on

that's just because you haven't had sex in a long time

and you want to have sex tudo all your energy pure math exam

and then you think that's sublimation

i loved that intro psych

and you may be very please

one more one more question

the question is which is related to the issue extending the issue of the

two-parent verses one anatomic

is to what extent

i_d_'s notions validated cross culturally

and as such a good question i want to be for a much talk about it in a few

minutes that's actually that speaks to the issue

the scientific assessment

alfred

someone try to get your question

and all that

flight freudian theory

is

now at this point in time

extremely controversial

there's a lot of well-known criticisms

and attacks on freud

decisions as you next one book op on the memory works by frederick cruise

which on in frederick cruises one or two strongest

and most passionate critics of fraud

an

that problems were freud

go like this

there are two ways you can reject the theory

there two problems with the scientific theory

one way you can rejected theory is that it could be wrong

so suppose i have a theory that

the reason why some children have autism

a profound developmental disorder

is because their mothers don't love them

is a popular theory for many years

it set

possible theory it just turns out to be wrong

but another way and so one way to attack and addresses scientific theory

is on

is to view it as just to see whether or not it works

but there's a different problem theory could have

theory could be solved day

and all encompassing

that are not that it can't even be tested

and this is one of the main critiques of fraud

idea could be summed up by a quotation from the physicist

wolfgang hall

and polly was asked his opinion about another physicist

and police said this

that guys work is crap

he's not right

he's not even wrong

and the criticism about privates

is that he's not even

alma

the issue of the anus

is summarized no more technical way

but a philosopher karl popper

who described

who who introduced the term

falsified philip ideal falsify ability

the that would distinguish this science from movies on the inside

is that scientific predictions make strong claims about the world

and these claims are of a sort that they could be proven wrong

if they couldn't be proven wrong they're not interesting not to be science so for

example in psychology

the sort of claims will be entertaining throughout the course

include planes like

damage to begin to get the campus

causes failures of certain sorts of memory

or everywhere in the world men on average one have more sexual partners

and women

or exposure to violent television

tends to make children themselves more violent

architecture of a possible will talk about that

but the point here is

they can be false

they were interesting enough

that they can be tested

and as such

they go to leave my dear aunt

with a graduate of the level of a scientific

this should be contrasted with non-scientific programs

and the best example of the non-scientific program is astrology

problems tropical astrological predictions

is not that they're wrong

is that they can't be around there not even rock i did my biodata horoscope for

today

on the web

a couple of negative aspects could make it a little finicky for next few days

account to watch for that

the presence of old mars and venus suggestion one box everything in in the

ordered stand ruptured way but keeping the peace of jane

arhar million close will help you keep in touch

welfare fund site

and starting this morning about my wife will be subject i haven't sort of

entitlement funds side

the problem is

a few days are going to go back to

dot that was wrong

it can't be wrong

this is just sold a i've got a better horoscope from the onion actually

right at the heart of snow cone and handicap over to police officers were at

a national public character of a sub spective murder

expects a good prediction

becoz

well if it's if it turns out to be true i'm gonna say those guys really know

something

it's also viable

arguably freud

fails to pass

because freudian theory is often so today inflexible

that i can't really be tested in any reliable white

a big problem of this is a lot of protein theories claim to be validated

in the course of psychoanalysis

so when you ask me why do you believe in prague

they won't sale because of this experiment that experiment the status

and that it is that was a is it

freud it before your very proves itself in the course of psychoanalysis

the success of psychoanalysis

but some reliable

i mean the problem is a freud says to patient you hate mother

lacked that make sense

freighters

phrases beauty in my name is

no one else discuss them

freud says

your anger shows as ideas painful for you repressive and i i'm right

held and

the problem is

the same sort of dynamic

plays itself out even in the scientific

debate back and forth

so freud

freudian psychology simple employable what i mean is

well known offenders approach

will make some planes like you know

adult personality traits are shaped by the course of cycle sexual development

all dream to disguise wish fulfillment psychoanalysis is the best treatment for

mental disorders

scientists will respond i disagree the floor no evidence supporting those

planed and forty responses you rejection in my view shows a very distressing to

you

this is because i'm right

and this is often followed up

seriously enough

your deep psychological problem

han

now i don't want to character

forty is a lot of koreans have tried

and made a research program of extending their ideas scientifically

bringing them to robust scientific tests

but the problem is

when you make specific falsify double predictions

they don't always do

that well

so for instance there's no evidence that oral and anal characteristics a

personality characteristics i talked about

about being needy

verses being stingy

related any interesting way to weaning or toilet training

and there's been some efforts cross culturally

to retrieve go back to the question is young man

ass before

looking at cross cultural differences and toilet training and winning which

are really big differences to see if they correspond

in any interesting way

to personality differences and has been no good evidence supporting that

similarly

freud had some strong claims about sexuality for why some people are

straight and others are gay these have met with very little empirical support

and the claimed as psychoanalysis proves itself

by being rights tremendous success in curing mental illness

is also almost certainly not true

for most maybe not all but for most psychological disorders

there are quicker and more reliable treatments

and psychoanalysis

and its considerable controversy

as to whether

the tony soprano method of insight where you get his insight and this is scott

ritter

makes any real difference in alleviating symptoms such as anxiety disorders or

are depression

this is why

resort of often sort of sticker shock

when people go to a university psychology department

where they say look

wears on son insect publicly classes on freud

who's your expert on freud

and the truth is

freudian psychoanalysis

is almost never studied inside psychology department

not

the cognitive or developmental side not the clinical side there are some

exceptions

but for the most part obd even the people who do study freud

within psychology apartments do so critically

very few of them would see themselves as a psycho

analytic practitioner or as a freudian psychologists

freud lives on

both in a clinical setting in in the university

but freud

at yale for instance is much more likely to be found in the history department or

literature department than in psychology

and this is difficult enough

despite all of this sort of sour things like this set of vote fraud

the big idea

then portents

of the dynamic unconscious

remains intact

we will go over and over and over again different case studies

with some really interesting aspects of mental life

proved

to be on qantas

there's one question and i can skip over this

for reasons of time

and just go

to some examples

of the unconscious in modern psychology

here's a simple example

of done conscious in modern psychology

language

understanding

so when you hear a sentence like

junking stability skin

fraction of a second

you realize

if this means that john thinks the bill

likes job

if you are descendants groups

jumping to the bill and some self

in a fraction of a second

you would think

that means john thinks that bill likes bill

and as we will get to when we get to the lecture on language this is not

conscious you don't know how you do this you don't even though you are doing this

we do it quickly

and instinctively

so much of our day-to-day life

can be done unconsciously

uh... there are different activities you can do

driving

chewing gum shoelace tying

where if you couldn't have asked them if you expert enough at them

you'll know you're doing them

i was at a party a few years ago for a friend of mine and we ran out of food

so is that are disco pick up some food

and our later he was gone

still gone elsewhere around the corner

we call them up on a cell phone

anexo

got on the highway patrol to work

he works like an alabama high labor perfect m

and use some version of these things happen

all the time

maybe more surprising

freud's insight that our lights in this likes

are due to factors that

we're not necessarily conscious of

has a lot of empirical support a lot of empirical support

from research

into social psychology

for example

so there's there's one point social psychology

if somebody goes through a terrible

initiation

to get into a club

the like the club more

you might think they like it last as people do terrible things are

but actually hazing is

illegal

but a remarkably successful tool

the more you pay for something the more you like it

he you go through

to get something

the more you like it

from the standpoint of political politics for instance

if u if you want loyal people in a political campaign do not need them

if you pay them don't like u_s_

if they volunteer

the like you

we'll talk about why there's different theories about why

but my point right now is simply uh... that people don't necessarily know this

but still are subject to this

another example

some we're studies done

a discipline of social psychology known as terror management

which involves

subliminal death props

that idea of sublingual that primes assist you sign up for your human

subjects requirement

and then you are

they put me in front of a computer screen

and then they tell you or just sit in front of computer screen and we'll ask

you some questions

and then the questions come out and our questions like

how much do you love your country

what do you think occasions

what he had to use what email blacks

they vegetarians within people political views

different from yours

here's again when you don't know is on their computer screen

words are being black

but they're being flash so fast it looks like like that

you don't see anything

words like corpse

the flashing of these sublingual words sublet metal

meaning a frenzied remaining

below the level of consciousness you don't know when you see them

has dramatically affect somehow you answer those questions

people exposed to death products

become

more nationalistic

more patriotic

less forgiving of other people

less liking of other races and people from other countries

the clay ventilation for why this is so was something which will get to another

plus

the point nelson with illustrate that these sort of things can have

that things you aren't aware of can have an effect

on how you i think

the final example of this

is

ashore demonstration

uh... to do this in the cut the class in half at this point

so you'll be on this side of the class

right-side my right

and this will be on the left side

and i simply want

everybody

to think about somebody will

so favor somebody love

your girlfriend your boyfriend your mom

your dad

they give us something about this

on this screen is going to be instructions

but i want to give instructions to this half of the class

amassed everybody in this half of please either turn your head usher iraq's

teaching fellows do

and everybody in this half

okay every read that

turn your head

this group look at this

and take a moment

you don't have to do it on paper

but take a moment

to do in your head

you each group had instructions some people may see both instructions

followed instructions you've got for you

now this was my research done

brian or work force

and

here's a question i want to ask yourself

how much do you like this person

and here is the fact half of u restless three features of the person

half of the u_n_ asl is tent

the finding which is not a subtle fine

is that liking goes off

in the three group and liking goes down independent

and here's why

i have to think about uh...

three positive features

of our

somebody

so them i don't have a girlfriend or

but oped she's smart she's beautiful and she's kinda

well i think of her

pretty good smart beautiful cock murrell yeah

but the problem nash works is clever though uses list doesn't look as ten

positive features

smart beautiful kind

really nice good cook

punctual

smart

no i mention that

the problem is

nobody has ten positive features

debt

effect that we have to be ten thousand pages

people flying this car

and then those p one s

how much do you like this person

unsafe

who really make it back ten

i guess i don't like them very much

his illustration again

is that

it shows that

you don't know this

subjects who has to do tend positive features and then later rank the person

and then asked why did you write the person lower

don't say cuz you told willis tent

typically we are oblivious

to these factors that change

our points

ought what we like and what we dislike

and this is in fact a substantial in important part of the study of

psychology

i'm particularly for instance study of racial and sexual prejudice

where one of the big finding some social psychology will devote

almost an entire lecture to this is that people have strong views about other

races

that they don't know what out

and that they don't know control their actions

so to some extent

this rounds out fraud to some extent

the particulars of freud

are for the most part

had been rejected

but the general idea of fraud

is actually has been so successful

both in the study of scientific psychology

and in our interpretation of everyday life

to some extent freud's been a victim of his own success

we can tell

underestimate

the importance of freudian thought in everyday life

ob because he's transformed our world view

the session extent

that is difficult for us to remember it is any other way to think about it

so to some extent

he's been a victim of his own success

we have time for a for some further questions about freud and what

scientific

implications are for it

i took a class once

on how to teach when i was a graduate student

and i just remember two things from this class

one thing is that never agreed in red pen

boasted people don't like that

the second thing is never ask any questions

because he was very frightening to any questions

and people find it intimidate

i suppose they ask

what are your questions

what are your questions

yes i'm back

before you believe them

medication

following edited it's a good question on

the question was just a fraud believe a medication medication according and

major thing

of how we deal with certain disorders now critically depression and anxiety

disorders

un on the one hand

freud made a start as a neuroscientist

studied the mind in the brain and was intensely interested

the new world

basis

of thought and behavior

agia question and is no although freud was very centered in the brain bases

that behavior freud was totally convinced but the methods who wish to

cure disorders like depression anxiety would not be medication op but rather

through the sort of talk therapy

any insight

moreover modern cyclin anna

modern

therapists including some people who want psychoanalytic lien

define

will say well

these drugs are all well and good but what they do with a master symptoms

so if you had panic attacks say

it's true the drugs might make a panic attacks go away

but the panic attacks are not your real problem

and then they can go where you don't get to the root of your problem

so dancers both freud and water and a psychoanalyst

we think that medications are substantially over used in the treatment

of mental disorders

the question is what other research on dreams dreams is such a fund opic

uh...

that i want to devote half a class sleeping and dreams

so for instance i will answer the question

what is the most common dream

i will also answer the question who thinks about sex moran's men or women

and what proportion of there so we bring questions i will answer

dreams from us

freudian standpoint

there's been some evidence

that dreams do inside all confused have some

relationship to what you're thinking about and worrying about through the day

but the strong crony and he was symbolism

and wish fulfillment

has not been supported by the study of dreams

what are your other questions

yes whoever erica's pointing to

electra complex

electra complex

is the penis envy story

for develop this is this is a this is a crude summary

with really developed and will complement senile

mum pile of money that

and that is as if somebody reminded him

segment girls or women

and that story i told you what the penises

and the penis envy and the replacement

is observe a very short version of electrical outlets

i think it's fair to say that electric complex was

assorted add-on

to the main

interest affordable complex

uh... one more please

what according to freud omg

that uh...

is not a celtics asian in the state in the same sense is immoral or amoral

stage

but yes

the claim that freud would make is but the woman's discovery becky lax

the penis

plays a fundamental role later on

determining her allegiances mike and affect our own sexual preferences in

interest

so it's not the sort of thing that affects our just for short

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