Architecture

The Victorian Age

During Queen Victoria's reign (1837-1901), Britain emerged as the world's foremost industrial nation. But many people were critical of the society in which they lived, and many saw in art and architecture opportunities for social change.

When Augustus Welby Pugin published his essay Contrasts in 1837, he compared his own times unfavorably with the Middle Ages. His efforts, along with those of the great critic and writer John Ruskin, helped to promote the Gothic Revival as a reformist style. With Sir Charles Barry, Pugin was responsible for the design of the Houses of Parliament, one of the first important public buildings in Britain to look back toward medieval rather than classical architecture. Others followed, including London's Law Courts, designed by George Edmund Street.

In 1848 a group of artists formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Led by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and Ford Madox Brown, they looked back to the art before the age of the Italian Renaissance painter Raphael. Other English artists began to imitate the work of painters of the Middle Ages, using jewel-like color and carefully drawn detail. Sir Edward Burne-Jones began his career as an assistant of Rossetti and developed into an important symbolist painter.

William Morris was one of the most talented men in England, a fine poet as well as an artist. He believed that the everyday objects that surround us should be made beautiful. In 1861 he founded a company to make stained-glass windows, furniture, wallpaper, and fabrics after his designs and those of his artist friends. Later he started the Kelmscott Press. One of his greatest accomplishments was an edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Morris' beliefs formed the basis of the arts and crafts movement, which later spread to the rest of Europe and the United States.

The architecture of the United Kingdom includes many features that precede the creation of the United Kingdom in 1707, from as early asSkara Brae and Stonehenge to the Giant's Ring, Avebury and Romanruins. In most towns and villages the parish church is an indication of the age of the settlement. Many castles remain from the medieval period such as; Windsor Castle (longest-occupied castle in Europe),^[93] Stirling Castle (one of the largest and most important in Scotland),^[94] Bodiam Castle (moated castle), and Warwick Castle. Over the two centuries following the Norman conquest of England of 1066, and the building of the Tower of London, castles such asCaernarfon Castle in Wales and Carrickfergus Castle in Ireland were built.

English Gothic architecture flourished from the 12th to the early 16th century, and famous examples include Westminster Abbey, the traditional place of coronation for the British monarch, which also has a long tradition as a venue for royal weddings);^[96] Canterbury Cathedral, one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England; Salisbury Cathedral, which has the tallest church spire in the UK;^[97] and Winchester Cathedral, which contains the longest nave and overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe.^[98]

In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance. About half a million buildings in the UK have "listed" status.

In the 1680s, Downing Street was built by Sir George Downing, and its most famous address10 Downing Street, became the residence of the Prime Minister in 1730.^[99] One of the best known English architects working at the time of the foundation of the United Kingdom was SirChristopher Wren. He was employed to design and rebuild many of the ruined ancient churches of London following the Great Fire of London. His masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, was completed in the early years of the United Kingdom.^[100] Buckingham Palace, the official London residence of the British monarch, was built in 1705.^[101]

In the early 18th century baroque architecture — popular in Europe — was introduced, and Blenheim Palace was built in this era. However, baroque was quickly replaced by a return of the Palladian form. The Georgian architecture of the 18th century was an evolved form of Palladianism. Many existing buildings such as Woburn Abbey and Kedleston Hall are in this style. Among the many architects of this form of architecture and its successors, neoclassical and romantic, were Robert Adam, Sir William Chambers, and James Wyatt.

The aristocratic stately home continued the tradition of the first large gracious unfortified mansions such as the Elizabethan Montacute House and Hatfield House. During the 18th and 19th centuries to the highest echelons of British society, the English country houseserved as a place for relaxing, hunting and running the countryside. Many stately homes have become open to the public; Knebworth House, now a major venue for open air rock and pop concerts,^[102] Alton Towers, theme park and the most popular in the UK,^[103] andLongleat, the world's first safari park outside Africa.^[104][105]

In the early 19th century the romantic medieval gothic style appeared as a backlash to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built. By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology, construction was able to develop incorporating steel as a building component; one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect of the Crystal Palace. Paxton also continued to build such houses as Mentmore Towers, in the still popular retrospective Renaissancestyles. In this era of prosperity and development British architecture embraced many new methods of construction, but ironically in style, such architects as August Pugin ensured it remained firmly in the past.

At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of design arts and crafts became popular, the architectural form of this style, which had evolved from the 19th century designs of such architects as George Devey, was championed by Edwin Lutyens. Arts and crafts in architecture is symbolized by an informal, non symmetrical form, often with mullioned or lattice windows, multiple gables and tall chimneys. This style continued to evolve until World War II.

Following the Second World War, reconstruction went through a variety of phases, but was heavily influenced by Modernism, especially from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. Many bleak town centre redevelopments—criticised for featuring hostile, concrete-lined "windswept plazas"—were the fruit of this interest, as were many equally bleak public buildings, such as the Hayward Gallery. Many Modernist inspired town centres are today in the process of being redeveloped, Bracknell town centre being a case in point.

However, in the immediate post-War years many thousands (perhaps hundreds of thousands) of council houses in vernacular style were built, giving working class people their first experience of private gardens and indoor sanitation.

Modernism remains a significant force in UK architecture, although its influence is felt predominantly in commercial buildings. The two most prominent proponents are Lord Rogers of Riverside and Norman Foster. Rogers' iconic London buildings are probably Lloyd's Building and the Millennium Dome, while Foster created the 'Gherkin' and the City Hall. When completed in 2012, the Shard London Bridge will be the tallest building in the European Union.^[106] Other major skyscrapers under construction in London include The Pinnacle, and Heron Tower.^[107][108] Modernist architect Nicholas Grimshaw designed the Eden Project in Cornwall, which is the world's largest greenhouse.^[109]

Дата добавления: 2014-01-06