Graphic Equivalents of the /аu/ Diphthong

/аu/ is pronounced when spelt:

ou house /haus/ — дом

ough plough /plau/ — пахать

ow how /hau/ — как

No. 17 /oı/

The nucleus of the diphthong /oı/ is /o/ which is neither No. 6 /υ/ proper, nor No. 7 /o:/. The position of the bulk of the tongue is between /υ/ and /o:/. The tongue glides from the back and low position in the direction of the position for /ı/, necessary to accomplish the glide. The amplitude of the glide from /υ/ to /ı/ is rather big and its direction is from the back and low to the front and high part of the mouth cavity. The glide sounds like a weak /e/. The opening between the jaws is wide for the nucleus and narrower for the glide.

Definition: /oı/ is a closing diphthong with the back, low (narrow variation) slightly rounded nucleus.

To practise the /oı/ articulation the following exercises are recom­mended:

oil voice avoid

coil join spoil

boy toy destroy

boy — bay foil — fail point — paint

doily — daily hoist — haste soil — sail

Graphic equivalents of the /oı/ Diphthong

/oı/ is pronounced when spelt:

oi point /poınt/ — пункт, точка, boil /boıl/ — кипеть, coin /koın/ — монета

oy boy /boıl/ — мальчик, toy /toı/ — игрушка

Centring Diphthongs

No.18 /ıə/

The nucleus of this diphthong is vowel No. 2 /ı/. The bulk of the tongue moves from the /ı/ position to the position, which it occupies in the /ə/ articulation, the full formation of it is fully accomplished.

Definition: /ıə/ is a centring diphthong with the high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue) front-retracted unrounded nucleus. When /ıə/ occurs in an open syllable and is followed by a pause, the glide sounds like the vowel / Λ /. The lips are neutral.

To practise the /ıə/ articulation the following exercises are recom­mended:

ear, hear, year, dear, near, clear, engineer, really

he — hear me — mere fee — fear

tea — tear be — beard she — sheer

be — beer we — weir pea — peer

Graphic Equivalents of the /ıə/ Diphthong

/ / is pronounced when spelt:

ere here /hıə/ — здесь

eer beer /bıə/ — пиво

ier pier /pıə/ — набережная

ir fakir /fə'kıə/ — факир

ear year /jıə, jə:/ — год

ea before other consonants

real /rıəl/ — настоящий

e before unaccented a, u:

idea /aı'dıə/ — идея

The bulk of the tongue starts from the position intermediate between vowels No. 3 /e/ and No. 4 /æ/, then it glides to articulate /ə/, the full formation of which is not accomplished. The nucleus of /εə/ is more open than the English /e/ or the Russian /э/ in это. The lips are spread or neutral.

Definition: /εə/ is a centring diphthong with the front, mid-open (broad variationof the medium position of the tongue), unrounded nucleus.

To practise the /εə/ articulation the following exercises are recom­mended:

chair ware hair

care square fair

their mare pair

dare fare declare

Graphic Equivalents of the /εə/ Diphthong

/εə/ is pronounced when spelt:

a before r: care /kεə/ — забота

ai» air/εə/ — воздух

e» there /ðεə/ — там

i» their /ðεə/ — их, свой

а» tear /tea/ — раздирать, рвать

аe» aerate /'εəreıt, 'eıəreıt/ — проветривать

ay before or: mayor /mεə/ — мэр

No. 20 /uə/

The nucleus of the phoneme /uə/ is a high back-advanced /u/, which gradually glides to /ə/.

Definition: /uə/ is a centring diphthong with the back-advanced, high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue), slightly rounded, short and lax nucleus.

Care should be taken not to confuse the diphthong /uə/ with /u:/. To avoid this mistake the following exercise is recommended:

shoe — sure pool — poor crew — cruel

two — tour do — doer grew — gruel

Graphic Equivalents of the /uə/ Diphthong

/uə/ is pronounced when spelt:

oo before r: poor /рuə/ — бедный

oe» doer /duə/ — деятель

ou» tourist /'tuərıst/ — турист

u» sure /ςuə/ — уверенный

The phoneme /oə/ which is represented in spelling by -oor, -ore, e. g. door, more is not obligatory, it is considered to be a free variant of the phoneme /o:/. It is not included in the inventory of vowels.

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