The syntactical classification of phraseological units suggested by I.V.Arnold

The structural classification of phraseological units suggested by A.I.Smirnitsky.

He classified two types. He offered a classification system for English phraseoogical units which is interesting as an attempt to combine the structural and the semantic principles. Here phraseological units are grouped according to the number and semantic significance of their constituent parts.

1) One-top or one-summit. Among one-top he pointed out three structural types;

a) units of the type (verb+postposition type) or verbal-adverbial units. They are equivalent to verbs in which the semantic and the grammatical centres coincide in the first constituent

b) units of the type “to be tired” or units equivalent to verbs which have their grammatical centre in the first constituent but their semantic centre in the second. Some of the units remind the Passive voice in their structure but they have different prepositions with them, while in the Passive voice we can have only prepositions “by or with”

c) prepositional-substantive units either to adverbs or to copulas and having their semantic centre in the substantive constituent and no grammatical centre

One-summit units, which have one meaningful constituents.

2) Two-top or two-summit, multi-summit which have two or more meaningful constituents. They are classified into:

a) attributive-substantive or attributive-nominal equivalent to nouns (black art);

b) verbal-substantive or verb-nominal equivalent to verbs (to take the floor);

c) phrasalogical repetitions equivalent to adverbs (now or never, ups and down, back and forth, cakes and ale, as busy as a bee); such units can be built on antonyms, components in repetitions are joined by means of conjunctions. These units are equivalent of adverbs or adjectives and have no grammar centre. They can also be partly or perfectly idiomatic. F: cool as a cucumber (partly), bread and butter (perfectly)

d) adverbial (every other day)

The syntactical principle of classifying phraseological units is based on their ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words.

1) noun phraseological units denoting an object, a person, a living being

2) verb phraseological units denoting an action, a state, a feeling

3) adjective phraseological units denoting a quality

4) adverb phraseological units

5) preposition phraseological units

6) interjection phraseological uints

In I.V.Arnold’s classification there are also sentence equivalents, proverbs, sayings and quotations.

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