Студопедия

КАТЕГОРИИ:


Архитектура-(3434)Астрономия-(809)Биология-(7483)Биотехнологии-(1457)Военное дело-(14632)Высокие технологии-(1363)География-(913)Геология-(1438)Государство-(451)Демография-(1065)Дом-(47672)Журналистика и СМИ-(912)Изобретательство-(14524)Иностранные языки-(4268)Информатика-(17799)Искусство-(1338)История-(13644)Компьютеры-(11121)Косметика-(55)Кулинария-(373)Культура-(8427)Лингвистика-(374)Литература-(1642)Маркетинг-(23702)Математика-(16968)Машиностроение-(1700)Медицина-(12668)Менеджмент-(24684)Механика-(15423)Науковедение-(506)Образование-(11852)Охрана труда-(3308)Педагогика-(5571)Полиграфия-(1312)Политика-(7869)Право-(5454)Приборостроение-(1369)Программирование-(2801)Производство-(97182)Промышленность-(8706)Психология-(18388)Религия-(3217)Связь-(10668)Сельское хозяйство-(299)Социология-(6455)Спорт-(42831)Строительство-(4793)Торговля-(5050)Транспорт-(2929)Туризм-(1568)Физика-(3942)Философия-(17015)Финансы-(26596)Химия-(22929)Экология-(12095)Экономика-(9961)Электроника-(8441)Электротехника-(4623)Энергетика-(12629)Юриспруденция-(1492)Ядерная техника-(1748)

Euphemisms. Neologisms




Semantic groups of words. Synonyms and antonyms

LECTURE 4

 

4.1. Homonymy: classification and sources of homonyms. Paronyms

4.1. Homonymy: classification and sources of homonyms. Paronyms. Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning (e.g. bank, n. – a shore; bank, n. – an institution for receiving, lending, exchanging, and safeguarding money; ball, n. – a sphere; any spherical body; ball, n. – a large dancing party.

English vocabulary is rich in such pairs and even groups of words. Their identical forms are mostly accidental: the majority of homonyms coincided due to phonetic changes which they suffered during their development.

The most widely accepted classification of homonyms is that recognizing homonyms proper, homophones and homographs.

Homonyms proper (or perfect, absolute) are words identical in pronunciation and spelling but different in meaning (e.g. back n. "part of the body" – back adv. "away from the front"- back v. "go back"; bear n. "animal" – bear v. "carry, tolerate").

Homophones are words of the same sound but of different spelling and meaning (e.g. buy v. – by prep.; him pr. – hymn n.; piece n. – peace n.; rite n. – write v. – right adj.).

The following joke is based on a pun which makes use of homophones:

"Waiter!"

"Yes, sir."

"What's this?"

"It's bean soup, sir."

"Never mind what it has been. I want to know what it is now."

Homographs are words different in sound and in meaning but accidentally identical n spelling (e.g. bow [bau], v. – to incline the head or body in salutation; bow [bou], n. – a flexible strip of wood for propelling arrows; lead [li:d], v. – to conduct on the way, go before to show the way; lead [led] n. – a heavy, rather soft metal).

Homoforms are words identical in some of their grammatical forms (e.g. to bound (jump, spring) – bound (past participle of the verb bind); found (establish) found (past participle of the verb find).

Homonyms may belong both to the same and to different categories of parts of speech. Obviously, a classification of homonyms should reflect this distinctive feature. Also, the paradigm of each word should be considered, because it has been observed that the paradigms of some homonyms coincide completely, and of others only partially.

Accordingly, Professor A. I. Smimitsky classified homonyms into two large classes: full homonyms and partial homonyms.

Full lexical homonyms are words which represent the same category of parts of etch and have the same paradigm ( e.g. match, n. – a game, a contest; match, n. – a short piece of wood used for producing fire; wren, n. – a member of the Women's Royal Naval Service; wren, n. – a bird).

Partial homonyms are subdivided into three subgroups:

a) Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have one identical form, but it is never the same form (e.g. found, v. ↔ found, v. (Past Ind., Past Part, of to find); lay, v. ↔ lay, v. (Past Ind. of to lie)).

b) Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech which have one identical form in their paradigms (e.g. rose, n. ↔ rose, v. (Past Ind. of to rise); left, adj. ↔ left, v. (Past Ind., Past Part, of to leave); bean, n. ↔ been, v. (Past Part, of to be)).

c) Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms (e.g. lie (lay, lain), v. ↔ lie (lied, lied), v.; hang (hung, hung), v. ↔ to hang (hanged, hanged), v.)

Paronyms are words that are alike in form, but different in meaning and usage. They are liable to be mixed and sometimes mistakenly interchanged. The term paronym comes from the Greek para "beside" and onoma "name" (e.g. precede ↔ proceed; preposition ↔ proposition; popular ↔ populous; grateful ↔ gracious; shit ↔ shoot: Oh, shoot, I forgot to buy milk (Longman)).

I.V. Arnold distinguishes patterned homonyms, which, unlike other homonyms, possess a common component in their lexical meanings. These are homonyms formed either by means of conversion, or by leveling of their grammar inflexions. They are different in their grammar paradigms, but identical in their basic forms (e.g. warm – to warm; to cut – cut; before as an adverb, a conjunction and a preposition).

So, homonyms in English are very numerous. Oxford English Dictionary registers 2540 homonyms, of which 89 % are monosyllabic words and 9, 1 % are two-syllable words. The trend towards monosyllabism, greatly increased by the loss of inflections and shortening, must have contributed much toward increasing the number of homonyms in English.




Поделиться с друзьями:


Дата добавления: 2014-01-07; Просмотров: 1838; Нарушение авторских прав?; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!


Нам важно ваше мнение! Был ли полезен опубликованный материал? Да | Нет



studopedia.su - Студопедия (2013 - 2024) год. Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав! Последнее добавление




Генерация страницы за: 0.01 сек.