Glottalization

Whisper

Loudness as an essential part of word shape.

The stressed syllables in a word tend to sound louder than the unstressed. The combination of stress and loudness can be used in language to make some syllables stand out more than others. (e.g. contEnt - happy Vs cOntent - that which is contained)

Loudness is connected with variations of stress. A word, when it is pronounced, must have a particular sound shape, if it is to be recognized. It may distinguish a word functioning as a noun from another wise similar to a word functioning as a verb.

What’s this? He looks at the paper despondently. Dential and Brocket refers –garbage.

Can’t you read? I can, but our readers can.

No good.

He took a stump of pencil out of his pocket, licked it and started crossing out on the mantel piecer.

14/09/2009 Lecture 2.

Among the functions of the vocal cords we mentioned whisper. For a very quite whisper the vocal cords are close together so that some friction is caused as breath pauses between them. For louder whisper the vocal cords themselves are brought closer and closer together so that more friction is caused until for the loudness one there is only a narrow chink left open between arytenoid cartilages (черпаловидные хрящи, к которым прикрепляется голосовые связки), through which air is forced under great pressure, causing maximum friction.

Whisper may be used to express the speaker’s attitude. Whisper over sequences is generally conspiratorial, it may also be used on unstressed syllables in contrast with normal or crackly voice on stressed syllables as in “fantastic”, where “fan” & “tic” are whispered.

Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound.

Ch is glottalizated between two vowels.

The vocal cords may interfere totally or minimally with the air stream, an example of total interference in speech is coughing.

Coughing requires a very firm glottal stop (гортанный взрыв), where first the air stream is completely blocked by the closed vocal cords and then considerable air pressure below the closed cords as released suddenly by opening them and expelling the air from the lugs. The glottal stop sounds like a soft cough. It can be heard in various accents today. [p] in RP glottal stop is added before the bilabial posed. And this occurs frequently before a course (in the final position), e.g. hope [hэu^эp]. The vowel [әu] is cut off by pressure of the vocal cords, the [p] is then formed, the glottal stop is realized. The same sequence of events is even more common before consonants (when [p] is accompanied by a consonant), e.g. hopeful [^/hәu^әpfәl] where again glottal stop precedes [p].

In Cockney glottal stop occurs between vowels, e.g. wapping [^/wәiŋ]. Before consonants in Cockney glottal stops is used alone, e.g. I hope so [ai әu sәu].

[t]. In RP glottal stop is added when [t] stands before a pause (in the final position), e.g. “fit” [fit], and when [t] is accompanied by a consonant, e.g. fits [fits]. In words combinations containing two stops, glottal stop is used alone, e.g. that bus [δæ bʌs], that much [δæ mʌtò]. The same occurs in polysyllabic words, e.g. “Whiteness” [^/wai^ʅnis].

In Cockney glottal stop occurs instead of [t] between two vowels, e.g. “water” [wɔ^ʅð], “butter” [bʌ^ʅð]. In nothern accents glottal stops accompanies [t] between two vowels, e.g. “pity” [pit^ʅi:]

[k] In RP glotalisation of [k] is frequent before pause, e.g. “back” [bæk], and before consonants, e.g. “axe” [æks]

In word combinations containing two velar stops glottal stop is used instead of [k], e.g. “back gate [bæ^ʅ geit^ʅ], “black car” [blæ^ʅ ka:]. In Cockney glottal stop is heard alone for [k] between any stops, e.g. “back door” [bæ^ʅ dɔð].

[tò] like the plosets in RP [tò] is glottalized in the final position and before consonants, e.g. “watch” [wɒ^ʅò], “watched” [wɒ^ʅtòt]. And like the plosets it is frequently glottalized before vowels, e.g. “watching” [wɒ^ʅtòiŋ].

In Yorkshire accent the alvedar stop is lost and only the glottal stop remains.

Word	RP	Y
Watch	[wɒ^ʅtò]	[wɒ^ʅò]
Wash	[wɒò]	[wɒò]

From the auditory point of view glottal stop alone makes a distinction between the words in Yorkshire.

21/09/2009

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