Студопедия

КАТЕГОРИИ:


Архитектура-(3434)Астрономия-(809)Биология-(7483)Биотехнологии-(1457)Военное дело-(14632)Высокие технологии-(1363)География-(913)Геология-(1438)Государство-(451)Демография-(1065)Дом-(47672)Журналистика и СМИ-(912)Изобретательство-(14524)Иностранные языки-(4268)Информатика-(17799)Искусство-(1338)История-(13644)Компьютеры-(11121)Косметика-(55)Кулинария-(373)Культура-(8427)Лингвистика-(374)Литература-(1642)Маркетинг-(23702)Математика-(16968)Машиностроение-(1700)Медицина-(12668)Менеджмент-(24684)Механика-(15423)Науковедение-(506)Образование-(11852)Охрана труда-(3308)Педагогика-(5571)Полиграфия-(1312)Политика-(7869)Право-(5454)Приборостроение-(1369)Программирование-(2801)Производство-(97182)Промышленность-(8706)Психология-(18388)Религия-(3217)Связь-(10668)Сельское хозяйство-(299)Социология-(6455)Спорт-(42831)Строительство-(4793)Торговля-(5050)Транспорт-(2929)Туризм-(1568)Физика-(3942)Философия-(17015)Финансы-(26596)Химия-(22929)Экология-(12095)Экономика-(9961)Электроника-(8441)Электротехника-(4623)Энергетика-(12629)Юриспруденция-(1492)Ядерная техника-(1748)

The reason for studying historical change




Historical change

The category of mood in OE

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Indicative Subjunctive

Present Past

1. telle telle ------- tealde tealde

2. tellest telle tele, tell tealdest tealde

3. telleƥ telle --------- tealde tealde

Plural:

tellaƥ tellen tellaƥ tealdon tealden

Infinitive tellan

Participle 1 tellende

Participle 11 (3 e)teald

OE had three moods: the indicative mood, the imperative mood and the subjunctive mood. Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.

The indicative mood in OE was used to state an action as a real,. Thus in the following sentences the verbs in the indicative mood are meant to express actual facts: ƥã cõm hë on mor 3 enne to ƥæm tun 3 erēfan, sē ƥe his ealdormon mæs, sæ 3 de him, hwylce 3 iefe hë onfën 3, ond hē hine sõna tõ ƥære abbudissan 3 elædde ond hire ƥæt cȳðde ond sæ 3 de ‘then he came on the morrow to the steward who was his chief, told him what gift he had received, and he soon brought him to the abbess and announced and told her this’.

The Imperative Mood was used to express a command or a request to a second person:

brin 3 mē twã ƥã betstan tyccenu (bring me two best kids).

The subjunctive mood showed that the action was merely supposed. The subjunctive mood was also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts. In OE the subjunctive mood was expressed by synthetic forms and had a special set of infinitives, different from those of the indicative mood. The subjunctive mood in OE had a wide usage, it was used both in the main and in the subordinate clauses, it was widely used in indirect speech:

onsende Hizelãce, 3if mec hild nime beaduscrüda betst ‘send Higelac, if the fight takes me’.

Hē sǣde ðæt Norðmanna land wǣre swȳƥe lan3 and swȳƥw smæl ‘he said that the land of the Northmen was very long and very narrow’.

 

 



LECTURE 7

In order to see how English has developed, it is important to think about the language both synchronically (as a snapshot of a particular moment) and diachronically (as part of a historical process). By concentrating on key periods and by analyzing textual examples, it is possible to establish the characteristics of the English language at different times in its history and thus, to see how older forms differ from the English we speak and write today. To focus your attention appropriately, for each period you will need to think about the changes in semantics, lexis, syntax, phonology and graphology.

To understand how and why the English language has become what it is, linguistics study both the causes of change and the characteristics of English at key stages. For convenience, they refer to 3 distinct periods in the history of the English language: Old English (OE), 450-1150; Middle English (ME), 1150-1500, Modern English, 1500-1990.

These dates give a general indication of the different stages, but are only approximate since linguistics change does not take place neatly within boundaries. Linguists draw attention to the most significant linguistic features in each key period, and looking back it is easy to recognise the points at which each change occurs. However, it is important to remember that the process is gradual, often taking place over hundreds of years.

 




Поделиться с друзьями:


Дата добавления: 2014-01-07; Просмотров: 1033; Нарушение авторских прав?; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!


Нам важно ваше мнение! Был ли полезен опубликованный материал? Да | Нет



studopedia.su - Студопедия (2013 - 2024) год. Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав! Последнее добавление




Генерация страницы за: 0.007 сек.