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Informal (colloquial, common) vocabulary

This layer also includes several subgroups:

General colloquial words. They are words with a tinge of familiarity or inofficiality about them. There is nothing ethically improper in their stylistic coloring, except that they cannot he used in official forms of speech. Colloquial words mark the message as informal, non-official, conversational.

To colloquialisms may be referred:

- colloquial words proper (colloquial substitutes of neutral words), e.g. chap;

- phonetic variants of neutral words: baccy (tobacco), fella (fellow);

- diminutives of neutral words: daddy, piggy, as well as diminutives of proper names – Bobby, Becky, Johny;

- words the primary meaning of which refer them to neutral sphere while the figurative meaning places them outside the neutral sphere, making them lightly colloquial. E.g. spoon as a colloquial word means "a man with a low mentality".

- most interjections belong to the colloquial sphere: gee! Er? Well, etc

Slang words are highly emotive and expressive and as such, lose their originality rather fast and are replaced by newer formations: e.g. go crackers (go mad); guru (god); belt up (keep silence); big-head (a boaster).

This tendency to synonymic expansion results in long chains of synonyms of various degrees of expressiveness, denoting one and the same concept. So, the idea of a "pretty girl" is worded by more than one hundred ways in slang. In only one novel by S.Lewis there are close to a dozen synonyms used by Babbitt, the central character, in reference to a girl: " cookie ", " tomato ", " Jane ", " sugar ", " bird', " cutie ". etc.

The substandard status of slang words and phrases, through universal usage, can be raised to the standard colloquial: cowboy, girlfriend, boyfriend, movie, make-up.

The main functions of the slang words used in fiction are:

> the reproduction of the character's individual traits in the dialogues;

> the description of a definite social environment;

> the hero's speech characterization;

> the creation of comic effect.

Jargonisms replace those words which already exist in the language and stand close to slang, also being substandard, expressive and emotive, but, unlike slang they are used by limited groups of people, united either professionally (in this case we deal with professional jargonisms, or professionalisms), or socially (here we deal with jargonisms proper).

> The group of professional jargonisms, or professionalisms consists of denominations of things, phenomena and process characteristic of the given profession opposed to the official terms of this professional sphere. Thus, professional jargonisms are unofficial substitutes of professional terms. They are used by representatives of the profession to facilitate the communication, e.g. bull (one who buys shares at the stock-exchange); bear (one who sells shares); sparks (a radio-operator); tin-hat (helmet), etc.

So, in oil industry, e.g., for the terminological "driller" (буровщик) there exist "borer", "digger", "wrencher", "hogger", "brake weight"; for "pipeliner" (трубопроводчик) – "swabber", "bender", "cat", "old cat", "collar-pecker", "hammerman"; for "geologist" – "smeller", "pebble pup", "rock hound", "witcher", etc.

From all the examples at least two points are evident: professionalisms are formed according to the existing word-building patterns or present existing words in new meanings, and, covering the field of special professional knowledge, which is semantically limited, they offer a vast variety of synonymic choices for naming one and the same professional item.

> The group of social jargonisms is made up of words used to denote non-professional thing relevant for representatives of the given social group with common interests (e.g. music fans, drug-addicts and the like). Such words are used by representatives of the given group to show that the speaker also belongs to it (I-also-belong-to-the-group function). Very often they are used for the purpose of making speech incoherent to outsiders. When used outside the group in which they were created, such words impart expressiveness to speech. In literary works jargonisms indicate to the fact that the speaker belongs to a certain professional or social group.

e.g. Was you never on the mill? – Сидел когда-нибудь в тюрьме?, Greenland – тюрьма, darkies – фонарики воров, to be on a plant – пойти на дело.

Chair-warmer – хорошенькая актриса в роли без слов. Tear-bucket – пожилая женщина, рол несчастной матери. Turkey – провал. Ham – плохой актер. To sit on one's hands – не хлопать. To milk – выжимать аплодисменты.

Vulgarisms are coarse words with a strong emotive meaning, mostly derogatory, normally avoided in polite conversation, e.g. There it so much bad shit between the two gangs that I bet there will be more killings this year.

The border-line between colloquialisms, slangisms and vulgarisms is often hard to draw for there are hardly any linguistic criteria of discrimination. This explains why one finds so many discrepancies in how these stylistic subgroups are labelled in various dictionaries.

Dialectal words are normative and devoid of any stylistic meaning in regional dialects, but used outside of them, carry a strong flavour of the locality where they belong, e.g. baccy (tobacco), unbeknown (unknown), winder (window), etc

In Creat Britain four major dialects are distinguished: Lowland Scotch, Northern, Midland (Central) and Southern. In the USA three major dialectal varieties are distinguished: New England, Southern and Midwestern (Central, Midland). These classifications do not include many minor local variations. Dialects markedly differ on the phonemic level: one and the same phoneme is differently pronounced in each of them. They differ also on the lexical level, having their own names for locally existing phenomena and also supplying locally circulating synonyms for the words, accepted by the language in general. Some of them have entered the general vocabulary and lost their dialectal status (" lad ", " pet ", " squash ", " plaid ").

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Formal (bookish, literary) words | Приоритетные направления стратегия государственной молодёжной политики в РФ
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