Transposition and replacement

III. GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

- transposition of the members of the sentence; transposition of the phrases, transposition of the clauses;

- replacement of the word forms, parts of speech, types of syntactic relations, etc.

Courses of grammatical transformations	Grammatical transformations occur because of different reasons both of purely grammatical and lexical character, but the grammatical factors play the main role.
The most widespread types of grammatical transformations	1. Transposition / Permutation is a change in the order of linguistic elements such as words, phrases and clauses. 2. Replacement / Substitution can affect practically all types of linguistic units, that is word form (словоформа), for example, the category of number when plural is replaced by singular: The novel of lives of common people – Роман о жизни простых людей; parts of speech; types of syntactic relations (синтаксическое отношение), etc.
Some peculiarities of grammatical transformation	1. The structural peculiarities of the English language demand the structural finality of the sentence and a strict word-order. 2. While comparing grammatical categories (English and Russian) and forms of both languages one can observe the following phenomena: a) the absence of correspondence of a category of one of the languages (e.g. articles, Gerund, nominative construction, деепричастие); b) partial correspondence of a category of number, the forms of the passive voice and the forms of the Infinitive and Participle); c) complete correspondence.

TYPES OF REPLACEMENTS

Type of replacement	English sentence	Russian translation
	The sector is in the midst of an important phase shift.	(The noun is replaced by the verb)
He used these meetings to probe the managers about the strategy, structure, and financial performance of their operations.	(The verb is replaced by the noun)
Working on this book enhanced my respect for fashion designers.	(The replacement of a participial construction by a noun-phrase)
For example, Unilever has historically made an effort to hire managers who were sociable and placed a high value on consensus and cooperation	(The adverb is replaced by the adverbial clause)
He was dismissed as incompetent.	(The adjective is replaced by the noun)
	There has been a subtle change in vocabulary.	(The adjective subtle is replaced by the adverb; the noun change is replaced by the verb)
Replacement of the word form	People have only to be rich enough and in the swim to be credited every other day in the Press with the impressive qualities. (J. B. Priestley, ‘Rain upon Godshill’, ch. 13)	(Plural is replaced by singular)
misty recollection of the event	(Singular is replaced by plural)
Theoretically, anyone in the U.S. can start a newspaper or magazine, but to become a radio or television broadcaster one must be granted a portion of the limited radio-television spectrum …	(Splitting technique / Division)
Under this structure, the world is divided into geographic areas. An area may be a country (if the market is large enough) or a group of countries.	(Unification: combining two sentences into one)
Four years later, the famous black, white and red check made its first appearance as a raincoat lining.	(The Active Voice is replaced by the Passive Voice)
	… television and radio changed the entertainment habits of the nation.	(The simple sentence is replaced by the complex one)
Replacement of the sentence type	“Go anywhere in the world, one leading political journalist has written, “and British television is an object of envy and admiration”.	(The Imperative sentence is replaced by the Subjunctive mood)

TRANSPOSITIONS

Type of transposition	English sentence	Russian translation
Transposition of the members of the sentence	In France, the ancient regime of haute couture experienced a paroxysm of self-doubt, as prêt-a-portertookthe high ground and street wearusurpedaristocratic glamour.	(Subject – predicate - object = object – predicate – subject)
Pieces of wood are cast up all along this coast.	(Subject – predicate - adverbial modifier of place = adverbial modifier of place – predicate – subject)
Transposition of the parts of the sentence	A problem must be stated in order to be solved.
The Washington Post’s role in uncovering the Watergate scandal is another example of the media’s involvement in the national events.
Transposition of clauses	If you saw a ghost, what would you do?

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