Perfect Participle Active and Passive

Обстоятельственные причастные обороты времени и причины могут переводиться деепричастием совершенного вида или придаточным предложением: Успешно решив задачу расщепления атомного ядра, ученые смогли разработать способы использования атомной энергии.

Having successfully solved the problem of splitting the atomic nucleus, the scientists could work out the methods of utilizing atomic energy. или

После того, как ученые успешно решили задачу расщепления атомного ядра, они смогли разработать способы использования атомной энергии.

Упражнения

Определите функцию формы с окончанием –ing и переведите следующие предложения:

1. The molecules of a gas are moving about freely. 2. Knowing the volume, the pressure, and the temperature of the gas, we can determine the state of its mass. 3. At the beginning of the century scientists succeeded in breaking the nucleus of the atom by attacking it with tiny particles flying with a great speed. 4. Being taken in proper proportion hydrogen and oxygen combine forming water. 5. The ammeter is a measuring device. 6. The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very strong. 7. When speaking of water, we must remember that it is composed of tiny particles—its molecules. 8. Having been detained by a snow storm, the liner was three days late. 9. I was told of their having been sent to the rescue operation. 10. He had good hopes of being sent to fulfilling this mission, and therefore, before returning home he spent some hours in preparing the plane for flight, trying it again and again.

Обстоятельственные причастные обороты в английском языке бывают двух видов:

1) Зависимый причастный оборот, в котором действие, выражаемое причастием, относится к подлежащему данного предложения. Такие обороты, как мы видели, выражают обстоятельства времени, причины или образа действия и обычно переводятся русскими деепричастными оборотами, например:Applying force, we produce motion. Прилагая силу, мы производим движение.

2) Независимый причастный оборот. В английском языке, в отличие от русского, бывают и такие причастные обороты, в которых действие, выражаемое причастием не обнаруживает прямой связи с подлежащим данного предложения, а имеет как бы свое собственное подлежащее:The sun having risen, the fog dispersed.

Такие обороты называются независимыми причастными оборотами (The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction). Эти обороты переводятся тремя способами.

Придаточным предложением времени:Когда (после того, как) взошло солнце, туман рассеялся.

Придаточным предложением причины:Так как взошло солнце, туман рассеялся.

Самостоятельным предложением, соединенным союзами: причем; в то время, как; а, но. Такой перевод дается обычно тогда, когда независимый причастный оборот стоит в конце предложения:Almost all metals are good conductors of electricity, silver being the best conductor of all. Почти все металлы являются хорошими проводниками электричества, причем самым лучшим из всех оказывается серебро.

Основными признаками независимого причастного оборота являются:

а) Наличие слова (группы слов), играющего роль подлежащего в причастном обороте.

б) Наличие запятой, которая всегда отделяет независимый причастный оборот.

Упражнения

I. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. Electroplating was invented in Russia, its inventor being Russian scientist Yacobi. 2. The bridge having been repaired, we were able to cross the river. 3. Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated. 4. The vapour pressure of a liquid becoming equal to atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils. 5. Water has a higher specific heat than most of other common substances, the specific heat of iron being approximately one-ninth the heat of water. 6. Any moving object is able to do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity. 7. The temperature of a wire being raised, the random motion of the electrons increases. 8. The current flow having been changed, the direction of the magnetic lines of force also changed. 9. The substance being a dielectric, no current can flow through it. 10. Gases are light substances, the lightest of them being hydrogen.

II. Переведите текст; обратите внимание на способы перевода независимого причастного оборота:

ELECTRIC CURRENT GENERATION

The term "electric current" is used to mean electricity which flows through a conductor, a direct current being a cur. rent which flows in one direction only. There are four principal ways by which a direct current can be generated, viz.

1) chemical action;

2) thermal or heat action, the word thermal, coming from the Greek word "therme" which means "heat";

3) light action;

4) magnetic action.

To set up a current by chemical action, an alkali or an acid is used to react with a metal. Such an apparatus is called an electric cell, a group of two or more cells connected together forming a battery.

To produce a current by thermal action, heat is applied to two unlike metals soldered together in two places, the apparatus of this kind being called a thermoelectric couple or thermocouple, for short. We get the prefix "thermo" from "thermal", the origin of the last word having been mentioned above. The word "couple" in this term means that two unlike metals or metals and alloys are joined together so that they can be properly heated in the point of the joint.

The reason the thermocouple generates a current is due to the fact that the heat tears the electrons off of the negative inetal at the junction, just as the chemical action of an electric cell tears the electrons off of the zinc electrode. It is these electrons that form the current flowing through the circuit.

To develop a current by light action, light is made to fall on a special kind of a cell, the apparatus to be used in such a case being called a photoelectric cell.

Finally, in order to generate a current, a wire is made to cut, that is, to pass through a magnetic field, this latter being set up either by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Where the wire cuts through the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, the apparatus is called a magneto-electric machine or just "magneto", for short. The wire cutting through the magnetic field of an electromagnet, the apparatus is called a dynamo electric machine, or "dynamo", for short.

In general there are a number of ways by which electric currents can be generated by magnetic action, all of them being based on the same principle, that of cutting the magnetic lines of force with a conductor.

III. Упражнения на все случаи употребления форм, оканчивающихся на -ing:

А.

1.Having overcome the economic backwardness inherited from the militarist Japan, the post-war Japan increased its output of means of production 183-fold, as compared to 1941. 2.The sufferings of people in Africa from starvation were terrible. 3. In America about one million hectares of valuable farm land have been confiscated for military testing ground and camps and every day brings fresh reports of farms being converted to the same purpose and of whole villages being torn down to make room for military installations. 4.The growing economic difficulties are prompting the average citizen to lift his voice for development of industry and international co-operation.

1. The disintegration of radioactive substances is a spontaneous process, no method accelerating or retarding it being known. 2. Carbon dioxide may be obtained by heating some carbonates to a high temperature. 3. In chemical changes occurring in substances atoms continue to be indivisible. 4. Water vapour can be condensed into a liquid by taking away heat or by decreasing its volume. 5. Sometimes the cooling without the increasing of pressure results in liquefying the gas. 6. While teaching mathematics Tsiolkovsky continued his self-education studying astronomy, biology, and chemistry. 7. Stanyukovich distinguished himself as a gifted writer, most of his novels being connected with the sea.

B.

1. The Russian national budget is an important medium for raising living standards of the people. 2. Peaceful co-operation among nations espousing different social system is both possible and desirable. 3.Taking advantage of the suddenness of their treacherous attack, the German-fascists strove to crush our army by powerful blows at the beginning of the war. 4. The lifting of the blockade of Leningrad was a great success of both our land and naval forces. 5. The Japanese yoke having been removed by the Soviet Army, the people of Korea saw their way to independence, democracy, and progress.

1. The temperature having been raised, the vapour began forming again. 2. Having added an alkaline solution, we got a dark precipitate at the bottom of the vessel. 3. Having been evaporated, the solution of the mother liquid of calcium chloride gave white precipitate. 4. When testing the properties of the gas evolved while heating mercuric oxide, we find that it is pure oxygen. 5. The air being shut off the fire, combustion stops. 6. Shipbuilding and fishing industries are widely developed in this part of the country.

C.

1. Russia consistently continues its policy for the safeguarding of security and for the promoting of peace and friendship among all nations. 2. By safeguarding respect for their sovereignty, by opposing foreign interference in the conduct of their affairs, by refusing to allow the establishing of military bases and any form of occupation by foreign troops, the peoples can guarantee their security and protection of peace. 3. World market is being torn by deep contradictions. 4. French soldiers demonstrated against being sent to Central Africa for suppressing the liberation movement there.

1. At the age of 20 Tsiolkovsky began teaching; a profession at which he continued working for 40 years. 2. The splitting of atom liberates great quantities of energy. 3. Atomic energy is the foundation of all processes occurring in our universe. 4. Yellow sand having been used in manufacture, the glass had a yellowish colour. 5. The atomic explosion is based on the splitting of the atom. 6. Two bodies being placed in contact with each other, the temperature of the hot body falls while the temperature of the cold body rises. 7. The current in a circuit is decreased when the resistance is increased, other factors remaining the same.

II-4.7 Причастие II (Past Participle)

Past Participle Passive (III форма глагола) от переходных глаголов соответствует русским причастиям:

настоящего времени с окончаниями - мый, - щийса;

прошедшего времени с окончаниями - нный, - тый, - вшийся.

Например:asked спрашиваемый, спрошенный

taken берущийся, взятый

Причастие II представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, которая не может самостоятельно выступать в функции сказуемого. Она может лишь входить в состав сказуемого в формах Perfect и Passive.

Обладая свойствами прилагательного и наречия, причастие II, выступая самостоятельно, выполняет в предложении функции: 1) определения; 2) определительного причастного оборота; 3) обстоятельства.

Рассмотрим эти функции и способы их перевода:

1) Определение. Как определение Past Participle занимает обычно место перед определяемым словом; переводится отглагольным прилагательным со страдательным значением:The described method is widely used in electroplating. Описанный метод широко применяется в гальванопластике.

В тех случаях, когда в причастии выражается главным образом глагольное значение, оно занимает место правого определения, т. е. следует за определяемым словом; такое причастие соответствует русскому определительному придаточному предложению и переводится соответственно:We used all the methods recommended. Мы применили все методы, которые были рекомендованы.

2) Определительный причастный оборот (т. е. причастие с группой поясняющих слов) всегда следует за определяемым словом и переводится соответствующим причастным оборотом:A substance is composed of tiny particles called molecules. Вещество состоит из мельчайших частиц, называемых молекулами.

Перевод определительного причастного оборота может быть сделан также и с помощью придаточного предложения, например:Вещество состоит из мельчайших частиц, которые называются молекулами.

3) Обстоятельство. Past Participle употребляется также в функции обстоятельства времени или причины; оно (чаще всего с поясняющими словами) может занимать место как до подлежащего, так и после него: Placed in a vessel, a gas fills it completely.

или При помещении в сосуд газ заполняет его полностью.

A gas placed in a vessel fills it completely.

Часто причастие в этой функции сопровождается союзами when или if:When heated, mercuric oxide decomposes rather readily. При нагревании окись ртути довольно легко разлагается.

Перевод таких оборотов может осуществляться тремя способами, например:When heated solids expand little as compared with liquids.

Деепричастием:Нагреваясь, твердые вещества расширяются незначительно по сравнению с жидкими.

Придаточным предложением:Когда твердые вещества нагреваются, они расширяются незначительно по сравнению с жидкими.

Существительным с предлогом:При нагревании твердые тела расширяются незначительно по сравнению с жидкими.

Упражнения

1. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. The force of gravitational attraction exerted on a body by the earth known as the weight of the body is one of the most important forces in everyday life. 2. The total quantity of pure radium obtained is quite insignificant. 3. Intermolecular space exists even in a gas which, subjected to exceedingly high pressure ceases to contract its volume. 4. When used as an amplifier the radio-tube allows a small voltage to control a strong flow of current from a battery. 5. If a body is totally immersed in a fluid, the upthrust of the fluid on the body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. 6. When the water has reached the boiling point, the temperature ceases to rise, and the heat supplied is used in changing the water into steam. 7. A beaker filled with cold water and held over a flame of burning hydrogen will condense the steam to droplets of water. 8. Glass and porcelain neither lose nor gain in weight when heated. 9. Any open mass of water if left unreplenished will evaporate little by little. 10. The modern war is an all-round test of the material and spiritual strength of every nation involved. 11. Under ordinary pressure a given liquid boils at a fixed temperature. 12. Nitre gives off oxygen only when raised to a bright-red heat. 13. The efficiency of a machine is determined by the ratio of the useful work performed to the total work expended. 14. Radioisotopes produced by our atomic industry are widely used in medicine and agriculture. 15. Capacity is the property of two electrical conductors, when separated by insulation, to receive and retain electricity. 16. Fermentation used for producing alcohol from naturally occurring substances is one of the oldest processes known to man. 17. Alloys in general consist of two or more metals melted together and then allowed to solidify. 18. The properties of matter are better learned and understood when correlated with its structure in terms of molecules, atoms, and still smaller particles. 19. When ozone decomposes, the amount of energy liberated is equivalent to that absorbed in its formation. 20. Some liquids, and to a much smaller extent some solids, if placed in contact, tend to diffuse one into the other.

II. Переведите текст; найдите в тексте формы причастия II; определите их функции и способы перевода:

BORAX

This salt, when crystallised from solution, combines with water forming a hydrate. It is made by adding calcium borate to sodium carbonate solution. It is a white crystalline salt. It is added to the glass, used for enamelling and glazing, to make it more fusible and easier to spread in a thin layer. Since it contains but a small proportion of the metallic oxide, it combines with other metallic oxides if fused with them. For this reason, the powdered salt is sometimes sprinkled on tarnished metallic surfaces being soldered or brazed. The heat of the blowpipe melts the borax and the latter removes the oxide and permits perfect running of the solder over the surface.

The borates thus formed are often coloured and the colours afford a means of recognising the metallic compound which produced them.

In chemical analyses a bead of borax, produced by fusion on a platinum wire, is heated with a particle of the unknown compound and its colour then examined.

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