Nomenclature of Compounds with One Type of Functional Group

Nomenclature of the Derivatives of Hydrocarbons

Compounds with functional groups that must be designated as prefixes

1. The carbon chains are named and numbered in the usual way. Numbers are assigned to functional groups in the same way as the alkyl substituents. e.g.

2. When the parent chain has both alkyl groups and other substituents, the chain is numbered from the end nearer the first substituent, regardless of what substituents are. All the prefixes are then arranged in alphabetical order. e.g.

3. When two or more substituents are identical, indicate this by the use of the prefixes ‘di-’, ‘tri-’, ‘tetra-’, and so on. e.g.

Compounds with functional groups that may be designated as prefixes or suffixes

Compounds with functional groups that may be designated as prefixes or suffixes

Principal functional group is the functional group expressed as a suffix and has priority over unsaturated centres.

Parent carbon chain is chosen to include the longest possible carbon chain and maximum number of principal functional groups.

The carbon chain is numbered to give the principal functional group the lower number.

The position of the principal functional group is indicated by using this number, and the positions of other substituents are indicated by using the numbers corresponding to their positions along the parent carbon chain.

1. Alcohols (ending ‘-ol’)

2. Aldehydes (ending ‘-al’) and ketones (ending ‘-one’)

The carbon atom of the carbonyl group is included in the parent carbon chain.

3. Carboxylic acids (ending ‘-oic acid’)

The carbon atom of the carboxyl group (i.e.) is included in the parent carbon chain.

4. Acyl chlorides (ending ‘-yl chloride’)

The carbon atom of the group is included in the parent carbon chain.

5. Amides (ending ‘-amide’)

The carbon atom of the amide group (i.e. ) is included in the parent carbon chain. Alkyl groups on the nitrogen atom of amides are named as substituents and the named substituent is preceded by N - or N, N -.

6. Ester (ending ‘-oate’)

The name of ester is derived from the names of the alcohol (with the ending ‘-yl’) and the carboxylic acid (with the ending ‘-oate’) forming the ester. The portion of the name derived from the alcohol comes first, and then the carboxylic acid.

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