Absolute time vs Relative time

e.g. He is learning German - absolutive time; He said he was learning German - relative time

Eng – - Future-in -the- Past - a special form for the relative future

Rus - a single form denoting both the absolutive future and the relative future.

e.g. He said he was learning German = Он сказал, что учит немецкий (не учил)

c) The category of voice

In its form, the category of voice is a morphological category as it is expressed by the forms of the verb. In its content, it is a syntactical category as it shows the relations between parts of the sentence.

The active voice form indicates that the subject of the sentence expresses the doer of the action.

The passive voice form indicates that the subject of the sentence expresses the object of the sentence.

Eng - any objective verb, i.e. a verb capable of taking an object, can be passive.

Rus - the subject of a passive sentence can denote the object.

e.g. Дом был построен.

Eng - it can also denote an addressee and any subtype of objective meaning expressed by a prepositional object

e.g. I was given a book. The baby was looked after. He was looked for.

Rus - an impersonal construction is used to convey the meaning.

e.g. Мне дали книгу. За ребенком ухаживали. Его искали.

Theme vs Rheme

e.g. The book was given to me. = Книгу дали мне (а не ему)-

I was given the book = Мне дали книгу (а не карандаш).

d) The category of modality

A lexical grammatical category; it denotes the relation of the reaction to reality as viewed by the speaker.

Grammatical means comprise various moods and lexical means include modal verbs (I must) and modal words (possible, probable), modal particles (авось, едва) and prosodic means (intonation).

Rus/ Eng- when the speaker represents the action as real he uses the indicative mood.

Rus- one mood – subjunctive (“бы”). The action is represented in the Past, Present and Future (Смирницкий).

There are 4 oblique (косвенный) moods in Eng:

1. Subjunctive 1(сослагательное)

2. Subjunctive 2

3. Suppositional (выражение предположения, предположительное)

4. Conditional (условное)

Subj 1 Eng resembles the Subj mood in Rus. because it is not connected with the notion of time (It’s necessary that he come in time – the form coincides with the form of Infinitive)

Subj 2 has 2 forms: 1 represents the unreal action to Present and Future and the other to the Past (If he came, I should/would be glad. – Subj 2 in the Subordinate Clause)

If refers to action to Preset/ Future (…had come, I should have been glad)-The action refers to the Past.

In the Principal Clause the conditional forms are used – ‘should be’ (Future), ‘should have been’ (Past)

Suppositional mood represents an unreal action as supposed or desirable (He suggested that we should go to the party). In Am. E. ‘should’ is omitted.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11