Typological characteristics of the verb in English and Ukrainian

Lecture 5

pOINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Typological features of the verb in English and Ukrainian

2. Ways of expressing of categories of the verb in English and Ukrainian

3. Typological features of Modal verbs in English and Ukrainian

4. Verbals in English and Ukrainian

5. Typological characteristics of adverb

6. Typological characteristics of functional words

1. Typological features of the verb in English and Ukrainian

Meaning. This part of speech in English and Ukrainian has the greatest number of features in common. They include the lexico-grammatical nature of the verb which serves to convey verbiality, i. e., different kinds of activity (go, read, skate), various processes (boil, grow, obtain), the inner state of a person (feet, bother, worry), possession (have, possess), etc.

As regards their role in expressing predicativity, verbs in the contrasted languages may be either of 1) complete predication; 2) incomplete predication. The first group is presented with notional verbs, which are in their turn divided into subjective (to act, to go, to sleep, спати, блищати тощо – always intransitive); objective (to give, to take, to envy,– брати, давати, заздрити тощо – only transitive); terminative expressing action having final aims: (to close, to open, to come, to find – зачиняти, приходити, заходити) (to find, зачиняти – express an action with some result); durative verbs, expressing action with no final aim: to like, to love, to hate, to hope, to work (подобатись, любити, ненавидіти); mixed, which can have both terminative and durative meaning: to sit, to stand, to know, to remember – сидіти, стояти, знати – both terminative and durative); reflexive, which are formed in English with the help of reflexive pronouns oneself, myself, himself, ourselves: to wash oneself, to shave himself, to see herself in the mirror, etc. The last group is really widespread in Ukrainian.

Reflexive verbs in Ukrainian have some peculiar features. Regular equivalents can be observed only in the group of reflexive verbs proper (to wash oneself, to dress oneself, to shave oneself, to powder oneself, etc.) having corresponding forms in Ukrainian (вмиватися, голитися, одягатися, пудритися, купатися, etc.).

Other groups of Ukrainian reflexive verbs are unknown in English. They are:

1. Reciprocally reflexive/взаємно-зворотні: зустрічатися, змагатися, вітатися, листуватись, цілуватись. 2. Indirectly reflexive/непрямо-зворотні: радитися, збиратися в похід, лаштуватися в дорогу. 3. Generally reflexive/ загально-зворотні: милуватися, дивуватися, злитися, журитися, мучитися та ін. 4. Actively-objectless/активно-безоб'єктні: кусатися (собака кусається), хвицатися (корова хвица­ється), дряпатися (кішка дряпається), жалитися (кропива жалить­ся), колотися (стерня колеться). 5. Passively-qualilative/пасивно-якісні: гнутися, битися, ламатися, м'ятися, колотися, кривитися (за­лізо гнеться, скло б'ється). 6. Impersonal-reflexive/безособово-зворотні: не спиться, не їсться, погано/гарно живеться, не лежиться.

Closely connected with impersonal and reflexive verbs in Ukrainian are a number of impersonal verbs used to form impersonal sentences. The verbs constitute semantically different groups, like вечоріє, дніє, розвидняється, примерзає, нудить, хочеться, віриться; не було, не стало, таланить; бракує, вистачає тощо.

Englishnotional verbs split into regular and irregular, based upon the correlation between the stem of the Infinitive and its past forms. Thirteen classes of Ukrainian verbs are singled out on the correlation between the infinitival stem of the verb, on the one hand, and its present stem, on the other (будувати – будуєш – будують; бувати – буваєш – бувають; казати – кажеш, кажуть; горіти – гориш, горять тощо).

Allomorphic is the combinability of English notional verbs with postpositional particles thus forming Phrasal Verbs (to look for; to look around; to look through).

Verbs of incomplete predication are presented in English and Ukrainian in four common groups which are as follows:

1. Auxiliary verbs (to be, to do, to have, shall/will), which are 'used in the corresponding person and tense form to express in English the following categorial meanings of the verb: a) the continuous aspect (he is/was reading a book); b) some forms of the subjunctive mood (He ordered we should go. I shouldn't be surprised if I settled down here. (B. Shaw)); c) the passive voice (The passage is/was translated). Auxiliary verbs in Ukrainian are restricted to one бути which is polyfunctional and is used to form: a) the passive voice (текст був перекладений); b) the analytical future tense (текст буде перекладений); c) some subjunctive mood forms (якби я був знав, я був би прийшов); d) the plusperfect tense form, which fully corresponds to the English past perfect. (Cf. Ніби й задрімав був зразу, але щось приверзлося, то й проснувся. (Головко)).

2. Close to the auxiliary by their function (and often by their lexical meaning, too) are English and Ukrainian modal verbs. Their number is larger in English than in Ukrainian. Cf.

English: can, may, must, should, Ukrainian: вміти, могти, мусити,

would, ought, have/be, shall, слід/треба, мати (маєш знати),

will, dare, need. сміти, потребувати.

3. Linking verbs in both languages form a verbal or mixed-type compound predicate. They fall into three groups:

1. Linking verbs of being, which do not always have direct equivalents in English and Ukrainian. Cf. to be. to feel, to look, to seem, to taste, to smell — бути, виявлятися, зватися, вважатися, доводитися (hе looks young/tired. Це зветься роботою).

2. Linking verbs of becoming: to become, to get, to grow, to turn — ставати, робитися (They grew stronger/Вони стали сильнішими). He became a teacher — Він став учителем.

3. Linking verbs of remaining: He remained silent – він зостався задоволений.

English auxiliary verbs are used to form the present, past and future continuous lenses (I am/was, shall be reading ); the interrogative, negative and future tense forms of the Indefinite group of tenses (Does he speak English? He did not know me. Will he come soon?); the imperative mood/imperative and incentive meaning (Do it now! Do come, please!) and the perfect forms of the verb (I have d one it. He had had his dinner by then already).

Form. The verb in the contrasted languages has its characteristic stem-building suffixes. In English: -ate (antiquate, liquidate), -fy (beautify, defy, exemplify); -en (blacken, darken, deepen); -ize (antagonize, colonize, emphasize); -esce (acquiesce, coalesce). In Ukrainian: -ти/-ть (брати, брать); -тися (братися, знатися); -ться (вчиться, молиться).

Allomorphic features of Ukrainian verbs. Ukrainian verbs may also be formed with the help of diminutive suffixes -ки, -оньк-и (спатки, їстки, їстоньки, спатоньки).

Among the many prefixes forming the verb stem in English, the following are the most often used: ex- (exclaim, excavate); in-/il-, ir- (introduce, illustrate, irrigate, irritate); contra- (contradict); con- (contribute); counter- (counteract); re- (restore, reduce); over- (overflow, overlap); under- (undertake, understand); out- (outfit, outflow); super- (superadd, supervise); sub- (subdue, submit); mis- (mislead, mistrust); un- (unbind, uncover). The most productive verbs forming prefixes in Ukrainian are в-/у- (вбігти/убігти, внести/унести); ви- (вибігти/вибігати, вискочити); від-/од- (відбити/відбивати, оддати/ оддавати), до- (довести/доводити); за- (завести/заводити, зайти); з-/с-, зі- (злетіти, з'їхати, сплести, зіпхнути); на- (набрати, на­нести).

A number of English verbs are formed with the help of suffixes and prefixes at the same time: ex-, -ate: excommunicate, exculpate; hyper-, -ize: hypercriticize; in-, -ate: incapacitate; mis--ate: misappropriate, miscalculate; over-, -ize: overemphasize, over-, -ate: overestimate; over-, -fy: overbeautify; re-, -fy: reputify; sub-, -fy: subclassify; in-, -ate: indeterminate; under-, -ate: underestimate, underpopulate.

In Ukrainian the suffixes are mostly -ти/-ть, -тися/-тись and prefixes are various: над-/наді-: надбити/надбитися, надібрати; о-(об-): оглядати/оглянути; оббити, обвести; пере-: перебігти, перейти; під-/піді, підо: підбігти, підібрати, підозрювати; по-/попо-: поїхати, побігти, попоходити; про-: пройти, пробити; роз-/розі-: розвести/ розвестися, розігнати.

Many Ukrainian verbs are formed from other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals) by adding suffixes to their stems. These suffixes are: -а-: обід-а-ти, сідл/о/-а-ти, дужч-а-ти, кращ-а-ти; -и-: коса — кос-и-ти, барабан-и-итн, білий — біл-и-ти; -і-: розум-і-ти, звір-і-ти; білий — біл-і-ти, двоє — дво-ї-ти; -ува-: зима — зим-ува-ти, агітація — агіт-ува-ти, пильний — пиль-н-ува-ти, четвертина — четверт-ува-ти, etc. The suffix -ну-/-ні- is added to adjectival stems: блідий — блід-ну-тн; густий — гус-ну-тн, міцний — міц-ні-ти.

Some suffixes in Ukrainian form aspective (durative, perfective) meanings of verbs. The suffixes are added to prefixal verbs, eg: -ува-/-юва-: прочитати — прочит-ува-ти; загоїти — заго-юва-ти, -ов-/-ува-: перевиховати — перевихов-ува-ти, etc.

То express a sudden action the suffix -ну- is used: колоти — коль-ну-ти, штовхати — штовх-ну-ти, капати — кап-ну-ти, etc.

The number of Ukrainian verbs formed by means of suffixes and prefixes is less numerous than in English. When formed from verbs, the following prefixes and suffixes are used: під- + -ува-: підсвічува-ти, потакувати; по- + -ува-: посвистувати, почитувати, за- +-ти-ся/ -сь: засидітись, забаритися; з-/с-, зі + -ся: зійтись, змовитися; роз- + -ся: розлетітись, роз'їхатися; над- -f- -й-: надкусити, надломити.

Similarly formed are also verbs from noun stems/roots: земля — заземлити; from adverbial stems: інакше — переінакшити; from adjectival stems: швидкий — пришвидчити; from pronominal stems (never used in English to form verbs): свій — присвоювати; from the sterns of numerals: троє — потроювати; двоє — подвоїти.

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