Nice morning. Late April. Horribly great problems

One word acquires both the word and the sentence stress

are used:

- to create dynamism of narration

- to achieve the telegraphic style

structural types of nominative sentences

1. Unextended - a single element: Morning. April. Problems.

2. Extended - the basic component + one or more words modifying it:

3. Multicomponent - two or more basic elements: Late April and horribly great problems.

Aposiopesis / break-in-the-narrative (from Greek “silence ”)= a sudden break in speech

“ The name of my informant”, says the son, “is – let me see … what was it? … the name of my informant … the name of … the name … (M.Spark)

“Well …” – the word hung in the air, like smoke in a closed room. (R.Chandler)

is used:

- to focus the attention on what is left unsaid

- to reflect the emotional or/and psychological state of the speaker

I.V.Arnold:
a/ suppression
b/ aposiopesis

• suppression = a deliberate intention not to mention something

If everyone at twenty realised that half his life was to be lived after forty … (E.Waugh)

• aposiopesis - an involuntary halt in speech

"I... I think you're just outrageous. The way you say things... The things you say... I... I've never met anyone the least like you. I..." (A.Christie)

Syntactical EM based on the redundancy / extension / expansion of sentence structure
Prof. Galperin: ways of combining parts of the utterance

Repetition = an expressive reiteration

Types of repetition:

ordinary: Please, get well — fast - fast - fast. (J.Webster)

framing or ring: We are going to be lucky, we are. (J. Priestley)

catch repetition (anadiplosis): It was a nice face, a face you get to like. (R.Chandler)

chain repetition: The originals were returned to the envelopes, and the envelopes to the box, and the box to the vault. (R.Stout)

root-repetition:

"Schemmer, Karl Schemmer, was a brute, a brutish brute." (J. London)

is used:

- to enhance the rhythmical aspect of the utterance

- to stress the monotony of action

"What has my life been? Fag and grind, fag and grind. Turn the wheel, turn the wheel." (Ch. Dickens)

Enumeration - repetition of the homogeneous words or w/c

Never before had Miss Matfield seen so many boxes of figs and dates, flowers, cheeses, puddings, cakes and crackers, so many calendars, diaries, engagement books, fountain pens, pencils, lighters, cigarette-holders, dressing-cases, slippers, handbags, manicure sets, powder-bowls and latest novelties. (J.Priestley)

- to show the clash of concepts and notions in describing a scenery or image

Syntactical tautology = repetition of semantically identical elements of sentence

Judge Thatcher, he took it and put it out at interest. (M.Twain) - juxtaposed repetition

Не seems quite a good bloke, old Miller. - distant repetition

is used as:

- a means of topicalization of the “theme” (communicative emphasis) = becomes more “rheme-like”

Polysyndeton = repetition of the same conjunction before enumerated components

And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon the house; and it fell; and great was the fall of it. (Matthew 7)

- promotes a high-flown tonality of narrative

Enumeration shows things united, combined.

Polysyndeton shows them isolated.

Advancing and prancing and glancing and dancing,

Recoiling, turmoiling, and toiling, and boiling

And thumping, and plumping, and bumping, and jumping,

And dashing, and flashing and splashing and clashing;

And in this way the water comes down at Lodore. (Robert Southey)

- alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables

- a disintegrating function (each element stands out conspicuously)

Parenthetic sentences - sentences and phrases inserted into a syntactical structure of another sentence
What she meant when she said she had won was that she had brought him up successfully and that he had turned out so well good-looking (her teeth had gone unfilled so that his could be straightened), intelligent (he realises he was too intelligent to be a success), and with a future ahead of him, (there was of course no future head of him). (F.O’Connor)

- several layers of narrative

is used:

- to create a mingling of “voices” of different speech parties (M. Bakhtin: “polyphony”)

Emphatic constructions - intensification of any part of the utterance - cleft sentences

are used:

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