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google.stb.csi.onTb();

Ассоциации молекул при В.С.приводит к образованию димеров, тримеров и других полимерных структур, зигзагообразных структур (НF)_n, спиральных структур белков, некомпактного кристаллического строения льда, кольцевой димерной структуры низших карбоновых кислот и др.

Межмолекулярные Н-связи изменяют свойства веществ: повышают вязкость, диэлектрическую постоянную, температуру кипения и плавления, теплоту плавления и парообразования.

Вещества: Н₂О, НF и NН₃ имеют аномально высокие Т_кип и Т_пл.

Т_{кипения}, ⁰ С

период

Пример. Укажите все виды межмолекулярных взаимодействий в системе из молекул PH₃ и в системе NH₃.Чем Вы объясните более высокую Т_кипNH₃?

Решение. Обе молекулы – полярны. Между молекулами

РН₃ – вандерваальсовы взаимодействия, между молекулами NH₃ кроме вандерваальсовых взаимодействий действуют силы водородной межмолекулярной связи, следовательно, во втором случае для разрыва связей при фазовом переходе нужно приложить больше энергии, чем в первом и Т_кип NH₃ выше.

Характерные свойства веществ в различных

физических состояниях.

При определенных условиях вещество может находиться в разных физических состояниях и иметь разные свойства:

Состояние	Свойства вещества
Газообразное (при Т≥ 10^4К газ переходит в плазму)	Принимает объем и форму сосуда, сжимаемость, диффузия, текучесть.
Жидкое	Принимает форму части сосуда, незначительная сжимаемость, медленная диффузия, текучесть.
Твердое	Способность сохранять собственную форму и объем, незначительная сжимаемость, отсутствие текучести.

В идеальных газах: силами взаимодействия между частицами пренебрегают. В реальных газах учитывают межмолекулярное взаимодействие, оказывающее влияние на все свойства.

В жидкостях: между частицами действуют силы межмолекулярного взаимодействия, хотя возможно поступательное движение частиц (в 3% объема).

В твердых телах: каждая частица занимает определенное положение относительно соседей. Расстояния между частицами малы и межмолекулярные силы могут быть значительными.

Из газообразного в конденсированные состояния вещество можно перевести при сжатии и охлаждении (р↑ и Т↓)

Определяются их химическим составом и зависятот характера связей между его частицами, типа кристаллической структуры и ее совершенства. Твердые тела бывают аморфные и кристаллические. Отличие аморфных от кристаллических: в наличии изотропности (идентичность свойств в любой точке),

в наличии интервала размягчения. Для аморфных тел характерно наличие только ближнего порядка.

Для кристаллического твердого тела характерно регулярное трехмерное расположение частиц

(атомы, молекулы, ионы). Положения частиц в кристалле – узлы.

Кристалл – твердое тело, обладающее трехмерной периодической структурой и при определенных условиях образования имеющий естественную форму правильных многогранников. Простейшая часть кристалла – элементарная ячейка Из 14 типов ячеек наиболее распространенными являются:

простая кубическая ПК (1)

гранецентрированная ГЦК (2)

объемоцентрированная ОЦК (3)

гексагональная ГК(4)

Важнейшие характеристики кристалла:

координационное число (к.ч.) и энергия кристаллической решетки Е_кр.

К.ч.- число частиц, непосредственно примыкающих к данной частице в кристалле.

К.ч = 6 у ПК. К.ч. = 8 у ОЦК. К.ч. = 12 у ГЦК и ГК.

Чем больше к.ч.,тем плотнее упаковка кристалла.

Екр. –энергия, необходимая для разрушения 1 моля кристалла и удаления его частиц за пределы их взаимодействия.

Чем больше Е_кр.,тем прочнее кристалл (выше Т_плав и др .)

По характеру связей между частицами в кристаллическом твердом теле различают: молекулярные, ионные, ковалентные, металлические кристаллы.

1.Молекулярный.

1а. В узлах – атомы инертных газов, связанные дисперсионными силами. 1б. В узлах – молекулы, связанные вандерваальсовыми или водородными силами (H₂, N₂, O₂, CO₂, CH₄, NH₃, H₂O_, HaL₂, органические вещества). Внутри молекул атомы соединены ковалентными связями. Типичные молекулярные кристаллы:

-Многие летучи и при обычных Т – газы.

-Очень низкие Т_{кип.(плав)}

_--Малая твердость и плотность.

-Большая сжимаемость, большой коэффициент теплового расширения.

-Большинство – диэлектрики при комн. Т. (орг. красители – полупроводники.)

-Плохая теплопроводность.

- Плохая растворимость в воде

Молекулярные кристаллы с полярными молекулами более прочные, чем с неполярными и имеет б&#

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11