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Упражнение 33

1. In what branches of science and technology can the achievements of microelectronics be used?
2. Because of the good results, we might bring the investment forward.
3. No matter what their size all computers have certain basic parts.
4. Our aim is to accomplish this task as soon as possible.
5. The charges of an electron and of a proton are equal in strength.
6. The electron has almost the same mass as the proton.
7. The largest of the London colleges are like universities in themselves, having many different faculties and departments.
8. The postgraduate students carry out independent research working in close contact with the teaching staff.
9. What river flows through London?
10. I remember visiting this laboratory.
11. Computers are frequently divided into two groups according to the jobs they perform.
12. It is high time to go to the Institute.
13. Comrade Smirnov's taking part in the design of the new data processing system was of great help to us.
14. The experimental technique was similar to that described previously.
15. When were the first mechanical calculating machines invented?
16. I saw it at our theatre three years ago and at Moscow theatres in 1975 and 1980.
17. She went to the theatre last month.
18. The results of this investigation can be relied upon.
19. We shall meet tomorrow at the same place.
20. Never before has man possessed a tool comparable to a computer.
21. I have looked through the list of prices sent.
22. We found out that Professor Petrov's studying the properties of vari­ous kinds of glass gave much material for future scienti­fic research.
23. He said that they would have to improve the radio reciever.
24. We wish that you would tell us what this substance consists of.
25. wish 2
26. Different molecules have different speeds, the average speed of all molecules remaining the same, as long as the temperature is constant.
27. We hap­pened to be in the laboratory when the laboratory assistant came in.
28. It seems that they were late for the lecture.
29. But there is no doubt these projects will be realized and the laser beam will begin operating in outer space as well.
30. No lectures are compulsory and tutors usually advise their students which lectures they should go to.
31. Besides the students' rooms there are reading rooms and special recreating halls where they gather in the evening to listen to music, watch TV, dance and enjoy themselves.
32. As we know there is neither air nor water on the Moon.
33. The more switches a computer checks in each cycle, the more data it can recognize at one time and the faster it can operate, each switch being called a binary digit or bit.
34. If the water continues to rise, these fields will be under water.
35. Had you taken all the safety measures the machine would not have been broken.
36. The problem does exist, whatever you think about it.
37. It is desirable that these radio-electronic devices should be applied for astronomical observation.

Упражнение 34

1. One method used for certain problems provides exact solution in the form of mathematical equations.
2. The train was supposed to arrive at 7 o'clock but it was half an hour late.
3. Our laboratory houses various kinds of equipment.
4. The cost of an IC is considerably less than the total cost of the separate components.
5. Their being good conductors of heat and electrici­ty made them widely used in industry.
6. After the scientist's report having been discussed at the conference it was published in a scientific journal.
7. The time of travel of the beam and its velocity being known, the scientists were able to calculate the distance to different parts of the Moon's surface with great precision.
8. The physicists study the structure of matter.
9. Their small size, however, does enable them to operate at high frequencies.
10. There exist various types of radio receivers.
11. What did the inventions and ideas of many mathematicians and scientists lead to?
12. What's the use of doing it?
13. A person beginning some experiment should be very careful and attentive.
14. Because of their extremely small size, integrated circuits tend to be restricted to low power applications.
15. Researchers' using computers helps them to solve problems in the biological and physical sciences.
16. Their house is in the middle of the village.
17. What forms the basis of this compound?
18. Where does communication originate?
19. The book contained his thoughts about further development of national economy.
20. We were told about their having studied a number of problems connected with the development of computing machinery.
21. Who developed the idea of a mechanical digital computer?
22. I wrote several letters yesterday.
23. The technology of Babbage's time was not advanced enough, was it?
24. In order to solve these problems, scientists must make many experiments.
25. The research will be carried out over a period of four months.
26. They have also been programmed to help scholars identify paintings and sculptures from ancient civilizations.
27. Computers have been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical, and social sciences.
28. Air the room, please.
29. Did the lecture tell that scientists were doing their best to find more efficient ways of utilizing solar energy?
30. He asked him whether he would read the report before the next meeting.
31. We wish this idea were put into practice.
32. wish 2
33. It would be very good for this engine to have been adjusted before the experiment begins.
34. A human operator has to instruct the computer exactly what to do with the data it receives.
35. In either case any creativity in the work is basically that of the person who programmed the computer.
36. The atoms and molecules that make up all the forms of matter are in constant thermal motion.
37. If he concentrates his attention on his studies, he will pass his exams successfully.
38. If he had been able to get all the books on that subject, his report would have been much better.
39. It is interesting to mention that at least a hundred organic compounds are added every day.
40. It was men­tioned in the report that more than 3,000,000 organic com­pounds were already known.

Упражнение 35

1. Computers help in the building of spacecraft, and they assist flight engineers in launching, controlling, and tracking the vehicles.
2. The designers selected all the units to be tested in the experiment.
3. Digital computers solve problems and do other tasks by counting, comparing, and rearranging digits in the arithmetic/logic unit.
4. Researchers don't use computers to construct mathematical models of devices, systems and theories.
5. The purpose of the source is expressed in the form of a message, isn't it?
6. All the data, whether in the form of numbers, letters, or symbols, are represented by digits.
7. Computers provide an efficient means of storing and locating scientific research data for various purposes.
8. Mankind is interested in atomic energy being used only for peaceful purposes.
9. This control system is more efficient than that described in that journal?
10. All disks are made of a substance coated with metal oxide, and can therefore be magnetized.
11. After being mounted on a disk drive, disks are kept spinning at a very high and constant speed, thus allowing the recording heads to have direct access to the required information.
12. It took years to demonstrate other transistor advantages.
13. There appeared a new mode of integrated circuits, mi­crowave integrated circuits.
14. It was possible (necessary) to increase the functions of the device.
15. The films used were found to be mechanically strong.
16. The film composition changed with time due to the different sputter.
17. The experiment may result in a new scientific concept.
18. I shan't do it for the world.
19. This work has involved the contributions of many people.
20. The success of silicon in microelectronics is believed to be largely attributed to excellent properties of SiO₂ interface and ease of thermal oxidation of silicon.
21. The young scientist informed the director that applying the method the technologists would get the results desired.
22. She told them that she would read the report before Tuesday.
23. He suggested that the work started last year should continue.
24. We hap­pened to be in the laboratory when the laboratory assistant came in.
25. Your task was that you had to study well.
26. I've seen the Houses of Parliament and the Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives.
27. The instructions have to be translated into a machine language composed of binary digits that represent.
28. The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor.
29. There is no flow of electrons since the electric current is broken.
30. I shall do it if it is necessary.
31. If the machine were repaired, it would be set in motion immediately.
32. Bring it here so that I may look at it.
33. It is desirable that the engine should combine high efficiency and lightness.
34. It is heat that causes many chemical changes.

Упражнение 36

1. The smallest fully functional computers are called laptop computers.
2. Having reached the surface of the Moon the signal returned to the Earth three seconds later, its return being recorded by sensitive devices.
3. At the last moment they decided not to continue the experiment.
4. Most of the general-purpose computers known as personal or desktop computers can perform almost 5 million operations per second.
5. Today's personal computers are known to be used for different purposes.
6. Proper application of computing equipment in different industries is likely to result in proper management, effective distribution of materials and resources, more efficient production and trade.
7. For all their apparent complexity, digital computers are considered to be simple machines.
8. Digital computers are able to recognize only two states in each of its millions of switches, "on" or "off, or high voltage or low voltage.
9. By assigning binary numbers to there states, 1 for "on" and 0 for "off¹, and linking many switches together, a computer can represent any type of data from numbers to letters and musical notes.
10. There exist different kinds of auxiliary storage devices, removable magnetic disks being the most widely used.
11. They can store up to 100 megabytes of data on one disk, a byte being known as the basic unit of data storage.
12. Being the most commonly used output device, the monitor accepts video signals from a computer and shows different kinds of information such as text, formulas and graphics on its screen.
13. To form a capacitance one can lay down a thin film of insulating material between two thin films of metal.
14. The phosphorus concentration had no influence on the resistivity of the film.
15. The vacuum tube had no moving parts, or at least no mechanical moving parts.
16. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay.
17. Among the parameters studied was the composition of the starting material.
18. The weather being bad, the airplane couldn’t start.
19. When applying these automatic devices we shall be able to control automatic lines.
20. Will you go to the library tomorrow?
21. The plasma-etching process has been shown to have important advantages in terms of cost.
22. There have been no directly comparable projects.
23. Sales have been falling recently.
24. The young scientist asked the professor if applying the method would give the results desired.
25. A group of scientists proposed that special synthetic substances be added to wood so that it become stronger.
26. Neither drawings nor patterns are needed when we use a computer.
27. The problem will be where we must work tomorrow.
28. The experiments which will be demonstrated are closely related to our research.
29. Which of them was the first who proved this theory?
30. The engineer must know the conditions under which the new material is to be utilized.
31. This circuit can be modified if necessary, can’t it?
32. My friend will translate the text if you give him your dictionary.
33. It is required that many new alloys having great resistance to various load­ing conditions (should) be developed.
34. It is necessa­ry that the number of machine-tools at our plant should be increased.

Упражнение 37

1. The smallest fully functional computers are called laptop computers.
2. The chemist expected his assistant to obtain a new substance with new properties.
3. Why did the engineer want the students to carry out some experiments?
4. I heard of the experiment having been started last month.
5. Most of the general-purpose computers known as personal or desktop computers can perform almost 5 million operations per second.
6. Today's personal computers are known to be used for different purposes.
7. Proper application of computing equipment in different industries is likely to result in proper management, effective distribution of materials and resources, more efficient production and trade.
8. For all their apparent complexity, digital computers are considered to be simple machines.
9. Digital computers are able to recognize only two states in each of its millions of switches, "on" or "off, or high voltage or low voltage.
10. By assigning binary numbers to there states, 1 for "on" and 0 for "off¹, and linking many switches together, a computer can represent any type of data from numbers to letters and musical notes.
11. There exist different kinds of auxiliary storage devices, removable magnetic disks being the most widely used.
12. They can store up to 100 megabytes of data on one disk, a byte being known as the basic unit of data storage.
13. Being the most commonly used output device, the monitor accepts video signals from a computer and shows different kinds of information such as text, formulas and graphics on its screen.
14. To form a capacitance one can lay down a thin film of insulating material between two thin films of metal.
15. Instead of making, protecting, testing and assembling individual (or discrete) components one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections are made now, all at a time.
16. Coming to Ryazan I went to the Kremlin.
17. All doors having been locked, they had to spend the night at a neighbour's home.
18. Chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased.
19. There being no other traffic on the road, we drove rather fast.
20. Having arranged everything, he left the laboratory by the 30 train.
21. Scientists of different countries must cooperate in their research and peaceful application of their discoveries.
22. The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.
23. This plasma-etching process has been shown to have important advantages in terms of cost, cleanliness, fine-line resolution, and potential for production line automation.
24. Electronics has extended man's intellectual power.
25. The speaker told that the designers were interested in testing the engine.
26. He suggested that the old device be substituted.
27. Neither drawings nor patterns are needed when we use a computer.
28. The problem will be where we must work tomorrow.
29. The problem that was discussed yesterday is very important.
30. She came in as I was speaking.
31. I was glad of his help, slight as it was.
32. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work.
33. If you want to get the atomic weight of an element, you must add together the protons and neutrons.
34. Had he informed me in time I should have sent this device.
35. If the Earth did not rotate, it would not take the shape of a ball.
36. It is necessary that the research be conducted daily.
37. It is important that this substance should remain liquid at the lowest temperature.

Упражнение 38

1. There are two basic approaches to modern microelectronics — monolithic integrated circuits and film circuits.
2. We knew nothing about his having been sent to London.
3. Film circuits are made by forming the passive electronic component and metallic interconnections on the surface of an insulation substrate.
4. Which of the chemists expected to obtain a new substance with some new properties?
5. We want them to introduce the changes as soon as possible.
6. Can the quality of the material be improved?
7. The higher reliability of the transistor circuits compared to vacuum tube equivalents is an extremely important advantage.
8. The circuitry and software involved can be standardized.
9. One of the primary considerations is to obtain a material with high electrical conductivity and low ohmic contact resistance.
10. Most semiconductor devices are known to be made by introducing controlled numbers of impurity atoms into a crystal, the process called doping.
11. Nevertheless the hole has a positive electric charge and can carry electric current.
12. This protective layer is created very simply by exposing the silicon wafer at high temperature to an oxidizing atmosphere.
13. By the use of a high-resolution photographic mask the desired configurations can thus be transferred to the coated wafer.
14. The terms' are likely to denote the sequence of doped regions in the silicon.
15. Oxygen concentration is known to influence many silicon wafer properties, such as wafer strength, resistance to thermal warping, minority carrier lifetime, and instability in resistivity.
16. Having been three times seriously wounded, he was no longer fit for active service.
17. Being told of his arrival, I went to see him.
18. In one of the plants visited the delegates were shown new types of equipment.
19. The quality of the goods is in accordance with the specification enclosed.
20. The results required could not be gained immediately.
21. His consulting the head engineer will help him greatly in designing the de­vice.
22. His offering new temperature conditions for the system will give greater efficiency.
23. Reactive gas plasma technology is reported to be presently in wide-spread use in the semiconductor industry.
24. The film technology has proved to provide precise dimensions.
25. We were asked if discussing the design would take much time.
26. A group of scientists proposed that special synthetic substances be added to wood so that it become stronger.
27. The agent was to wait until the price went down.
28. The advantages of this method is that our factory can make computers of any syzes.
29. This amorphous material may be composed of crystals which are too small to be detected.
30. Mendeleyev’s work resulted in publishing the Periodic Law of Elements which made him famous.
31. One of the ways of producing tremendous energy is imitating on the Earth the process that makes the Sun shine.
32. Some forms of abacus is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood with­out knowing how to read.
33. Were I in his place, I should give up smoking.
34. Had you met him somewhere in a street, you wouldn't have recognized him.
35. I have written it very clearly so that he may be able to read it easily.
36. It isnecessary that highly sensitive reception devices be made for the radio-telescope to achieve better results in observation.
37. It is necessary that the engine should function pro­perly.

Упражнение 39

1. The selection is of primary importance.
2. Line width gets narrower.
3. One of the primary considerations is to obtain a material with high electrical conductivity and low ohmic contact resistance.
4. These parameters are to be maintained throughout the high temperatures.
5. The material is to have resistance to the corrosion and oxidation.
6. Films of this thickness are likely to be very difficult to deposit in a continuous manner.
7. Because of the small dimensions required, it is no longer possible to use conventional optical methods to define the surface of an integrated circuit.
8. It is necessary to be able to electrically isolate individual devices from each other.
9. This is done by surrounding each component with material of opposite polarity.
10. Nowadays computers are considered to be complicated4 machines for doing arithmetic and logic.
11. The computer may be stated to have become an important and powerful tool for collecting recording, analysing, and distributing tremendous masses of information.
12. No longer is the processing of information carried out only in the computer's central processing unit.
13. Knowing nothing of the features of the new substance he couldn’t insist on using it in the new device.
14. He couldn’t leave the room seen by no one.
15. While studying the English pronunciation she used a tape recorder.
16. What kind of weather did the steamer meet with while crossing the Indian Ocean?
17. He did not like being read to.
18. Can the­se plans be changed by anybody?
19. Can the engineers' measurements and calcu­lations be relied on?
20. I've heard of their experiment being successfully completed in the nearest future.
21. Lasers have been successfully used in eye treatment.
22. We informed you that using isotopes in measuring the diffusion of metals we had got much more accurate data.
23. He said that they had reached the agreement
24. We wish our dreams would become reality.
25. When the task is completed, the nanorobots would be flushed from the body.
26. The question is why they haven’t come.
27. It can be said that everything that is being done in the development of a new technology is the result of our scientists' joint effort.
28. Computers permit people to perform such tasks that would otherwise be unthinkable.
29. The history of automatic computers is believed to have started with Charles Babbage who was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University.
30. Since you are here, we may go home.
31. Some types of reactors are known to produce more nuclear fuel during their operation than they consume.
32. Should she come, tell him to wait.
33. Had I enough money, I would buy a laptop.
34. Speak louder so that I may hear you.
35. It was only after the Great Octo­ber Socialist Revolution that many of Mendeleyev's ideas were put into practice.
36. It must be said that the control system of the conveyor is looked upon as an experimental one.

Упражнение 40

1. The network can be small enough to be contained within a single laboratory or building.
2. The method of processing data as well as available peripheral devices define computer generations.
3. In order to shorten the time required to perform instructions, it is desirable to perform as many operations as possible in parallel.
4. In what way can electronic brain be compared with human brain?
5. What steps can be taken to overcome the barrier?
6. What are the disadvantages of the high-level languages?
7. Why does the professor consider the results to be unsatisfactory?
8. Don’t you know her to have graduated from the university three years ago?
9. How to represent knowledge and then utilize it on a computer is a key problem for the realization of advanced information system.
10. The logic element is known to be the basic component of all computers.
11. In order to shorten the time required to perform instructions, it is desirable to perform as many operations as possible in parallel.
12. Provision is made to complete computers for all initial boundary conditions to be applied.
13. Human needs and conventions have to be identified first and then converted to programs in the best possible way.
14. Sometimes the microcomputer system is to be used as a general purpose computer.
15. This prevented the letter from being sent off.
16. She was quite disappointed at not seeing them there again.
17. Swimming against the current was difficult and dangerous work.
18. He enjoyed sleeping in the open air.
19. After sleeping for about an hour he was awakened by a loud noise.
20. The equipment to have been installed will need more mon­itoring.
21. The equipment to be installed will need more mon­itoring.
22. Have you read anything interesting lately?
23. Has Mike passed all the state exams?
24. The scientist informed us that those experi­ments were likely to have been made in unsuitable conditions.
25. He told them to be prepared for test.
26. John Dalton stated that atoms are incapable of being destroyed or created.
27. When she arrived, I had been waiting for two and a half hours.
28. The question is why they haven’t come.
29. She was met on her arrival by a man whose face she had never seen before.
30. A receipt which is signed by the captain for the goods taken on board is called a bill of lading.
31. I don't know the exact place where it happened.
32. There are several advantages in making computers as small as one can, aren’t there?
33. Were I here, I should speak to him.
34. Were he in town, would he help us?
35. It was Soviet science that solved this problem.
36. It should be noted that automation is an important factor of industrial progress.

Упражнение 41

1. Engineers must deal with the evolution of the existing systems as well as the design of new systems.
2. Computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required for nationwide management of the economy.
3. The hardware can do nothing by itself; it requires the array of programs, or instructions, collectively called software.
4. A number of individual circuits, each storing one binary bit, are organized in a rectangular32 array.
5. Not only does the computer make the collection procedure easier but it makes feasible unattended data collection.
6. The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location.
7. Hydrogen is the simplest substance, atoms of other elements having a more complex structure.
8. A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, there being no cause to change that motion.
9. Generally speaking, metals are excellent conductors.
10. Have you the means of helping him now?
11. There is a probability of Petrov's being sent to Leningrad.
12. There is no excuse for his doing such a thing.
13. I dislike borrowing things from people.
14. Before signing the contract he wanted to receive the approval of the chairman.
15. There was no chance of finding a vessel of the required size.
16. They were informed of the importance of preparing the experiment immediately.
17. Before solving the equation the stuents were instructed.
18. In order to simplify the analysis we can consider two firms, one being representative of high-cost producers and the other of low-cost producers.
19. The engineers must test the system to be used.
20. She has spent a great deal of time in the Far East, doesn’t she?
21. Nobody knew what had happened to him.
22. He said that our price was too high.
23. Should an error occur for any reason during the running of the program, the program terminates by indicating what the error number is and in which line it occurred.
24. He will give you the book when you need it.
25. A red sky means that soon it will rain.
26. This is the reason why I can't do it.
27. I live in the house the top of which can be seen over the trees.
28. This is the same story that I heard ten years ago.
29. The more immediate the responses are, the more stable that control can be.
30. Were there no atmosphere, the surface of the Earth would become too hot by day and too cold at night.
31. If there is no current in a conductor, there can be no electric field around it.
32. It should be noted that there exist different kinds of compasses and they are used in navigation, artillery, aviation and in some indu­stries as well.
33. It was in the Soviet Union that a large scale pro­duction of synthetic rubber was first organized.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-06