Before-Reading

CONCRETE

Your talk should last a minute and include between 10—20 phrases.

B) General aspects in designing.

A) Producing reinforced concrete elements.

Make up a plan to the text.

Find all the sentences from the text in the Passive Voice. Copy them in your exercise-books.

Write down all the nouns from the text in plural.

5. Find all the sentences from the text with modal verbs. Copy them in your exercise-books.

Get talking

2. Work in pairs. Discuss:

3. Give a summary of the text in 150 words.

1. Discuss the following:

* It is axiomatic now that materials can be handled more cheaply with machinery than with manpower, is not it? Try to prove your own idea.

* A great number of plants producing recast reinforced-concrete elements is now in operation in our country and abroad, is not it? Try to prove your own idea.

* What reinforced-concrete elements do you know?

2. Make up your own sentences with the following words:

The maximum size (максимальный размер), small concrete sections (небольшие секции из цемента), the minimum thickness of the finished concrete (минимальная толщина залитого бетона), cement (цемент).

While-Reading

1.Read the text and find new words from the text.

2. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.

3. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.

Concrete is made from {cement, nylon) coarse aggregate (stones), fine aggregate (sand or crushed stone) and water. Coarse aggregate ranging from 5 mm to 40 mm may be used for {normal, class) work. The maximum {size, piece) of the aggregate should not be greater than one quarter of the minimum thickness of the finished concrete. The {normal maximum sizes, large parts) are 20 mm and 40 mm (20 mm being more common). The maximum size of aggregate which should be used in small {concrete sections, window frames) or, where reinforcement is close together, is 10 mm.

In {concrete, room) with widely spaced reinforcement, such as solid slabs, the size of the coarse aggregate should not be greater than the minimum cover to the reinforcement otherwise spilling will occur, i.e. the breaking off concrete's pieces of below the reinforcement. For ^AAyuYj5inforced {sections, boxes) e.g. the ribs of main beams, the maximum size of the coarse aggregate should be either:

(i) 5 mm less than the minimum horizontal distance between the

Reinforcing rods, or.

(ii) 5 mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement, Which is smaller?

4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false, Correct the false statements:

* Concrete is made from three different materials.

* Coarse aggregate ranges in size from 20 mm to 40 mm.

* When the minimum thickness of the finished concrete is 100 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should not be greater than 25 mm.

* When the reinforcing rods are close together, the maximum size of aggregate used should be 10 mm.

* The reinforcing rods are placed near the bottom of the rib of a concrete beam.

• Spilling can occur in a solid concrete slab when the cover to the reinforcement is greater than the maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

• When the minimum horizontal distance between reinforcing rods is 15 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should be less than 12 mm.

5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences with the name of a building trade:

* The... finish just before the plumbers start.

* The... should finish by the end of week 40.

* The... work until the end of week 30.

* The... work up to the end of week 50.

* The... should finish no later than the end of week 8.

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