The legal subjects

All legal systems deal with the same basic issues, but jurisdictions categorize and identify its legal subjects in different ways. A common distinction is that between "public law" (a term related closely to the state, and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and "private law" (which covers contract, tort and property). In civil law systems, contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations, while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and trusts are regarded as the "traditional core subjects", although there are many further disciplines.

There are several subjects in the national law system:

· Constitutional and administrative law; govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state.

· Criminal law; also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment.

· Civil law; the part of the legal system that deals with people s relationships, property, and business agreements.

· Entrepreneurship law; covers complex contract and property law.

· Intellectual property law; law aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services.

· Family law; covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation.

· Labor law; the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker, employer and trade union.

· Social security law; refers to the rights people have to social insurance, such as jobseekers' allowances or housing benefits.

· Tax law; involves regulations that concern value added tax, corporate tax, and income tax.

· Financial law covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation.

· Environmental law; Environmental protection also serves to penalize polluters within domestic legal systems.

· Land law; relating to property in land.

· International law; public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organizations.

· Civil procedure and criminal procedure; concern the rules that courts must follow as a trial and appeals proceed. Both concern a citizen's right to a fair trial or hearing etc.

Дата добавления: 2014-10-17