Vocabulary List

Rubber

Text 13

Environmental Engineering Science (EES) is a multidisciplinary field of engineering that combines the biological, chemical and physical sciences with the field of engineering. This major traditionally requires the student to take many basic engineering classes in fields such as thermodynamics, advanced math, computer modeling and simulation as well as technical classes in subjects such as statics, mechanics, hydrology, and fluid dynamics. As the student progresses, the upper division elective classes define a specific field of study for the student with a choice in a wide range of science, technology and engineering related classes:

In chemical engineering and related fields, a unit operation is a basic step in a process. For example in milk processing, homogenization, pasteurization, chilling, and packaging are each unit operations which are connected to create the overall process. A process may have many unit operations to obtain the desired product.

Historically, the different chemical industries were regarded as different industrial processes and with different principles. Chemical engineering unit operations consist of five classes:

Fluid flow processes, including fluids transportation, filtration, solids fluidization;

Heat transfer processes, including evaporation, condensation

Text 14

The Part Played by Rubber in Modern Life. – Rubber is indispensable to modern civilization. Its importance in every form of transport for tyres and tubes is self-evident. In its other applications it plays equally important roles. About 80 per cent of all rubber is used in the motor industry, a large proportion of the remainder going into such articles as belting, packings, hose, and innumerable other types of products. Most of these articles are absolutely vital to the operation of the industry in general. A large quantity of rubber is made into rubber footwear and rubberised fabrics. Rubber has been in use for well over a century. But itsreally important and large-scale application runs parallel with the development of the motor-car.

Historical. –Rubber trees are native to many parts of Africa and the Far East, but there is no record of rubber or the trees that produce it prior to the discovery of America.

By the end of the eighteenth century the general properties of rubber were known to scientists throughout Europe. In the 19th century Charles Macintosh discovered that naphtha, one of the by-products from gas manufacture, was an excellent solvent for rubber.

In 1823 Macintosh patented his discovery. The original process was for the manufacture of what came later to be known as double-texture fabric. A “sandwich” was made with cotton or other fabric on the outside and a ‘‘filling” of rubber which had been deposited from solution. This method, still in use, has the advantage that the cloth protects the rubber.

indispensable – необходимый;

rubberized fabrics – прорезиненные изделия;

naphtha – лигроин, сырая нефть, керосин;

by-product – побочный продукт;

solvent – растворитель;

double-texture fabric – ткань, имеющая двойную структуру, ткань с наполнителем;

solution – раствор.

Text 15

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