Глаголы, выражающие долженствование

Таблица случаев употребления модальных глаголов, их эквивалентов и вспомогательных глаголов в модальном значении

Значение глагола	Форма глагола в настоящем (будущем) времени	Форма глагола в прошедшем времени
1.Должествование, обязанность, необходимость
а. Высокая степень необходимости	must (в случае личной необходимости что-либо сделать): • I must work harder. Have to (в силу общих норм и правил): • To become Doctor of Science every post graduate has to defend his thesis. * Для выражения будущих обязанностей употребляются will have/need to: You'll have/need to be more careful about what you eat in future.	had to: • I had to work hard to pass the 1^st Certificate English exam. • Why did you have to re-sit your exam in economics?
b. Более слабая степень необходимости, совет	should/ought to, shouldn’t/ ought not to • You should avoid doing some things contradicting common sense. had/’d better (употребляется, чтобы дать совет в конкретной ситуации, когда возможные негативные последствия): You’d better go now or you will be late	—
c. Критика прошлых поступков или поведения в прошлом	—	should/ ought to + have done: • You should have listened to my advice.
d. долженствование по договоренности или установленному порядку	is (am, are) to: • The train is to arrive at 7 a.m. • If we are to profit we have to develop our own ways to succeed.	was (were) to have done: • He was to have come. (but he failed)
2. Запрет, отсутствие разрешения
a. Запрет	mustn’t: • You mustn’t tell somebody the news. It’s a secret.	—
b. Отсутствие разрешения	can't (cannot)/is not (are not) allowed/may not(в более формальных ситуациях): • You can’t smoke here. It’s not allowed. • The retailer may not sell that book below the publisher's price.	couldn't/were not or was not allowed: • We couldn't go into the library after 5 pm. • They were not allowed to come back late.
3. Отсутствие необходимости в настоящем	needn't / don't have to/ don't need to • You needn't / don't have to /don't need to pick up that prescription from the chemist as I'll get it while I'm in town.	—
3.1.Отсутствие обязанности или необходимости в прошлом	—	needn't (+ perfect infinitive)*/ didn't have to / didn't need to I needn't have gone /I didn't have to go / didn't need to go to the doctor. *(действие было совершено, хотя в этом не было необходимости) I didn't have/need to go to the doctor because I suddenly felt better. (I didn't go.) I didn't have/need to go to the doctor but I went just to be on the safe side. (I did go.)
4. Способность	can, can’t: • She can read English quickly but she can’t speak English fluently.	could: • She could play the piano when she was three.
was (were) able to, managed to(для выражения того, что однажды удалось в прошлом): • A.S.Griboedov was able to enter Moscow University when he was 13.
5. Разрешение, позволение	can, may(в более формальных ситуациях), could: • When you’ve finished you can go home. • May I ask you a question? • Could I use your dictionary for a moment?	could, was (were) allowed to: • I could go to anywhere when I was a child. • I was allowed to do whatever I wanted when I was young.
6. Вероятность событий
a. Абсолютная уверенность	will, won’t: • Is that the phone? It’ll be John. He said he’d ring around now. • Don’t take the cake out of the oven. It won’t be ready yet.	will (would), won’t (wouldn’t) + have done: • You say you stayed in a hotel near the lake? That would have been my parent’s hotel! What a coincidence! • It won’t have been Peter you met at the party last night. He was ill in bed.
b. Наиболее логичная интерпретация ситуации на основе имеющихся фактов, несколько менее определенная, чем в предыдущем случае	must, can’t, couldn’t: • You must be joking. I don’t believe you. • She can’t be well today. She had a sore throat and high temperature yesterday.	must, can’t + have done: • He must have got lost. He can’t have known the way.
c. Обоснованное ожидание того, что что-то случиться при условии, что все произойдет по плану	should/ ought to, shouldn’t/ ought not to • Brenda should/ought to be home by now. • This homework shouldn’t/ought not to take you too long (if you have understood what you have to do).	should/ought to + have done: • Where’s Henry? He should/ought to have been here ages ago!
d. Невысокая вероятность события	may, may not: • We may go to Greece for our holidays, but we may not have enough money to go abroad this summer.	may, may not + have done: • Where is Ann? She may have overslept.
e. Еще меньшая уверенность в предположении	might, might not, could: • You could (might) be right but I doubt it. • The American film could be worth seeing but it might not be admirable.	might, might not, could + have done: • She might have decided not to come. • She might not have forgotten.
7. Просьба	could, can, would, will: • Can you lend me 5 pounds until tomorrow? • Will you give me a lift? • Could (would) you explain this rule for me?	—
8. Предложение	will, shall: - What shall I do for you? - I want someone to do a lot of typing for me. - Will I do?	—
9. Намерение, неизбежность	will, won’t: • I’ll pay back tomorrow. • The car won’t start.	wouldn’t: • He was angry because she wouldn’t lend him any money.
10. Упрек	might, could: • He could be more industrious. • You might at least offer her help.	could /might/ should/ ought to + have done: • You could (might) have done it yesterday.

Обратите внимание на категоричность запрета, выражаемую mustn’t и отсутствие необходимости совершать какое-либо действие, выражаемое needn’t и don’t have to.

Упр.6.3.1. Заполните пропуски нужным по контексту модальным глаголом (mustn’t или needn’t).

a. You ___________ give Freddy any more sweets or he won’t eat any tea.

b. The doctor said I ____________ go back to the hospital; my leg is all right.

c. You ___________ make any sandwiches for me. I’m not hungry.

d. She ___________ fill in a new application form, we have the other one.

e. You ___________ mention this to Kate, or she’ll get upset.

f. She __________ bring a doctor’s certificate, she was only away for one day.

g. You ____________ take any more aspirins, you’ve had four already.

h. Tell her she ______________ open any letters marked “personal”.

Упр.6.3.2. Заполните пропуски нужным по контексту модальным глаголом (have to, don’t have to или should). Все предложения связаны с темой “Посещение Америки”.

When you go to America

a. you ________ get a visa.

b. you ________ apply for a visa at least one month before you go.

c. you ________ book a hotel room before you go, because there are usually a lot of vacancies.

d. you ________ get a work permit if you want to work there.

e. you _______ visit San Francisco, because many people think it is the most beautiful city in America.

f. you _______ change your money before you go, because there are a lot of 24-hour banks.

g. you _______ hire a car, because it’s the easiest way to travel, and petrol is cheap.

h. you _______ have special injections before you go.

Упр.6.3.3. Заполните пропуски нужным по контексту модальным глаголом (положительной или отрицательной формами must, have to, had to, have had to, should).

a. I really do think you ___________ get your hair cut.

b. Careful, darling. You ___________ play with matches. They’re too dangerous.

c. My wife suddenly became ill in the middle of the night and I ____ call the doctor.

d. I’m overweight. The doctor said I _________ eat too many sweets or potatoes.

e. I like Saturday because I ___________ get up early.

f. A. Why have you got so much money on you? You _______ keep it in the bank.

B. I know. But today’s the day I _________ pay my employees.

g. It’s my mother’s birthday next week. I _______ remember to buy her a present

and a card.

h. No one likes __________ work at weekends.

i. You _______________ come with me if you don’t want to. I don’t mind going on my own. You stay here if you like.

j. I have a really bad memory for phone numbers. I ___________ look them up in the book every time.

k. When I was at school we __________ wear a uniform. Everybody hated it.

l. You ______________ touch electrical appliances if you’ve got wet hands. You could kill yourself.

m. She has a private income. She ______ never ______ do one day’s work in the whole of her life.

Упр.6.3.4. Проанализируйте ситуации, когда уместно использовать форму to be to для выражения долженствования по договоренности, правилам внутреннего распорядка или по расписанию. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.

a. He was to give a talk on the properties of the Moon minerals.

b. Petrov was to meet an American businessman at 2 p.m.

c. The engineers of the team were to design and construct a new machine for agriculture.

d. I was to fly to Moscow the other day.

e. The undergraduates were to have a class in the gym.

f. We were to write a test and hand it to the teacher.

Упр.6.3.5. Задайте расчлененные вопросы с was, were + инфинитив с to.

Пример: The meeting ____ to begin at 6.

The meeting was to begin at 6, wasn’t it?

a. They ____________ to have their exams on Wednesday.

b. Lucy ____________ to speak at the meeting

c. He _________ to show the guests round.

d. Bob ________ to come back by Friday.

e. They ________ to produce the new machine two months ago.

f. The competition _________ to go on for at least 4 days.

Упр.6.3.6. Словосочетание had better + инфинитив без to выражает совет, для конкретной ситуации. Дайте подходящий совет, употребляя had better (not).

Пример: It’s too late. You had better go home now.

a. John has a bad toothache. He __________.

b. The undergraduates are having a test today. They ___________.

c. It’s raining cats and dogs (идет проливной дождь). You ___________.

d. Bob wants to study German but he doesn’t know what to begin with. Bob, _________.

e. Olga’s English pronunciation isn’t too good, she has a thick accent. What to do about it? ______.

*Упр.6.3.7. Заполните пропуски нужным по контексту модальным глаголом (положительной, отрицательной или вопросительной формами must, need или have to).

a. A. What time _________ we ____________ leave for the airport?

B. It’s only a thirty-minutes drive, so we _______ go until about 3.30. I __________ do my packing I haven’t started yet!

b. I have an interview for a job next week, but before the interview I _______ have a medical examination.

c. How did you damage your bike? You ______ learn to look after your toys. When I was your age, I ____________ clean my bike every night.

d. There’s a new Indian restaurant just opened that you should go to. It’s wonderful! You ____________book, though, because it’s so popular already.

e. I’m sure she didn’t mean to upset you. You _______ take things so personally.

f. I hate _________ get up on cold, winter mornings.

g. I hate _________ tell you this, but you’ve just got a parking ticket.

h. I have perfect teeth. I ____________ never __________ have a single filling.

i. I think I’ve put on weight. I ___________ watch what I eat in future.

j. I don’t think a career in the army would suit me. I ______ wear a uniform, for a start.

k. You _____________ worry about me. I can look after myself.

l. The doctor said I’ve got conjunctivitis. I ______ put drops in my eye three times a day.

m. What a wonderful meal that was! You _____________ gone to so much trouble!

n. I got something for my cough from the chemist's, so I ______ go to the doctor’s.

o. I was very concerned about how my daughter would find going to her new school, but I ____________ worried, because she loved every minute.

p. You _________ take out travel insurance, but it’s a good idea, just to be on the safe side.

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