Правило согласования времен

Прямая и косвенная речь

Косвенную речь используют тогда, когда хотят избежать цитирования. С грамматической точки зрения предложения с косвенной речью – это сложные предложения, в которых придаточное предложение является дополнением. Сказуемым главного предложения часто является глагол речи (say, tell, report) или умственной активности (know, believe, wonder). Дополнительное придаточное предложение может вводиться с помощью союза that,wh-words, или if/ whether: The Dean said that science courses required a laboratory period. The professor has explained how shock waves were formed. Do you know which answer is correct?

Главное предложение никогда не отделяется от придаточного запятой; знак препинания в конце предложения определяется типом высказывания главного предложения: точкой в случае утверждения и вопросительным знаком в случае вопроса.

Правило согласования времен запрещает использовать в придаточном дополнительном предложении формы настоящего и будущего время, если в главном предложении сказуемое выражено глаголом в одном из прошедших времен. В таблице показано, каким образом обычно изменяются времена при переходе от прямой речи к косвенной в этом случае.

Прямая речь

Косвенная речь

Present Simple (“ I live ”) Present Continuous (“ I am living ”) Present Perfect (“ I have lived ”) Present Perfect Continuous: (“ I have been living ”) Past Simple (“ I lived ”) Past Continuous: (“ I was living ”) Going to (Future) (“ I am going to live ”) Will- Future Simple (“ I will live ”) Can (“ I can live ”) May (“ I may live ”) Must (“ I must live ”)

Past Simple (He said he lived) Past Continuous (He said he was living) Past Perfect (He said he had lived) Past Perfect Continuous: (He said he had been living) Past Perfect (He said he had lived) Past Perfect Continuous: (He said he had been living) Was going (He said he was going to live) Would (He saidhe would live) Could (He said he could live) Might (He said he might live) Had to (He said he had to live)

Указатели времени и места меняются следующим образом:

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
«today» «now» «here» «this» «tonight» «tomorrow (night)» «next week» «last week» «yesterday» «ago»	that day then there that that night the next / following day (night) the following week the previous week the previous day previously / before

Если сказуемое в главном предложении употреблено в настоящем или будущем времени (Present Simple, Present Perfect, Future Simple), в придаточном предложении сохраняется то время глагола, которое требуется по смыслу, т.е. соответствует тому времени, в каком было сделано высказывание в прямой речи.

Scientists agree that global warming is a serious problem. Measurements have indicated that the average temperature of the earth has risen in the past one hundred years. Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible.

Упр.7.1.1.a. Преобразуйте высказывания в косвенную речь.

a. “I’ll see you in the morning, Helen.”	Peter told Helen ___________
b. “The trousers have to be ready this afternoon.”	Paul told the dry-cleaners_______
c. “I left my umbrella here two days ago.”	Susan told them___________
d. “I think it's going to rain tonight.”	William said_____________
e. “I’ve attended two conferences this year.”	He stated _______
f. “I’ve visited several genetic laboratories.”	He said ________
g. “I’ve given two lectures at Prinseton University.”	He told us _________
h. “I’m writing my thesis now.”	He replied ___________
i. “I’m studying an interesting problem.”	He thought____________
g. “I’ll start my next paper with the statement of the problem.”	He is sure ______
k. “My paper will consist of four sections.”	He said ________
l. “In the introduction I’ll outline the present state of research in the field of immunology.”	He pointed out __________

Упр.7.1.1.b. Преобразуйте высказывания в косвенную речь, используя модальные глаголы.

a. “You can't park here” The police officer told Jack that he couldn’t park there.

b. “I can ring the Bank Manager.” She said __________

c. “I may go abroad.” She said ___________

d. “We must observe the experimental conditions.” He pointed out ________

e. “I can’t promise you my assistance in this matter”. He told me__________

f. “I may not be able to send you a copy of my paper shortly.” He warned me____

g. “I must think about it.” He said ________

h. “I can’t do anything about it tonight.” He warned __________

i. “I must write an account of my work.” He realized _________

j. “The parcel ought to be here by the end of next week.” Brian said________

Упр.7.1.1.c. Преобразуйте высказывания в прямую речь, используя требуемые по контексту модальные глаголы (must, mustn’t, needn’t, ought to, had better).

a. There’s a fantastic film on at the Odeon. Advise your friend to see it before it’s too late.

b. Tell your friend not to drive her car till it’s insured.

c. You are going to play tennis with a friend at the tennis club. Tell him it isn’t necessary for him to bring any tennis balls as the club supplies them.

d. Your friend has just received his bank statement. He’s sure it’s incorrect. Advise him to telephone the bank.

e. Tell your Venezuelan friend that she needs a visa to go to France.

Дата добавления: 2014-10-17