Categories of torts

TORT LAW

Text

UNIT 12

Glossary

бессмысленная жестокость	senseless cruelty
досрочное освобождение	an early release
общественные организации	public organizations
ограниченная ответственность	limited liability
освобождение на поруки	clearing on bails
порождать преступление	to generate a crime
преступления, совершенные несовершеннолетними	the crimes made by minors
привлекать внимание общественности	to draw attention of the public
совет по условно-досрочному освобождению	council on conditional-early release
упадок традиционных общественных норм	decline of traditional public norms
driving in excess of the speed limit	вождение сверх ограничения скорости
drinking and driving	вождение в состоянии алкогольного опьянения
malicious wounding (e.g. stabbing someone in a fight)	нанесение побоев (например, в драке)
murdering a child	убийство ребенка
smoking marijuana	курение марихуаны
selling drugs (such as heroin)	продажа наркотиков (таких, как героин)
rape	насилие
crime of passion	преступление, совершенное в состоянии аффекта
bizarre charges	абсурдные обвинения

Лексическая тема: «Tort law. Tort law Violations»

Грамматическая тема: Способы выражения нереальности в английском языке. Употребление форм сослагательного наклонения в конструкциях It’s time, It’s high/about time в придаточных предложениях уступки

Tort law is a body of law that addresses, and provides remedies for, civil wrongs not arising out of contractual obligations. A person who suffers legal damages may be able to use tort law to receive compensation from someone who is legally responsible, or liable, for those injuries. Generally speaking, tort law defines what constitutes a legal injury and establishes the circumstances under which one person may be held liable for another's injury. Torts cover intentional acts and accidents. In contrast to criminal law (in which the offense is against the State and the State is the plaintiff), in tort law, the offense is against a person and that person is the plaintiff.

1. Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of duty of care owed by one person to another.
2. A statutory tort is like any other, in that it imposes duties on private or public parties, however they are created by the legislature, not the courts.
3. Nuisance. Legally, the term “nuisance” is traditionally used in three ways: (1) to describe an activity or condition that is harmful or annoying to others (e.g., indecent conduct, a rubbish heap or a smoking chimney); (2) to describe the harm caused by the before-mentioned activity or condition (e.g., loud noises or objectionable odors); and (3) to describe a legal liability that arises from the combination of the two. The law of nuisance was created to stop such bothersome activities or conduct when they unreasonably interfered either with the rights of other private landowners (i.e ., private nuisance) or with the rights of the general public (i.e., public nuisance).
4. Defamation is tarnishing the reputation of someone; it is in two parts, slander and libel. Slander is spoken defamation and libel is printed and broadcast defamation, both share the same features. Defaming someone entails making a factual assertion for which evidence does not exist.
5. Intentional torts are any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual, and that do so. Intentional torts have several subcategories, including tort(s) against the person, including assault, battery, false imprisonment, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and fraud. Property torts involve any intentional interference with the property rights of the claimant. Those commonly recognized include trespass to land, trespass to chattels, and conversion.
6. Economic torts protect people from interference with their trade or business. The area includes the doctrine of restraint of trade and has largely been submerged in the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective labour law and modern antitrust or competition law. The "absence of any unifying principle drawing together the different heads of economic tort liability has often been remarked upon."
7. Competition law. Modern competition law is an important method for regulating the conduct of businesses in a market economy. A major subset of statutory torts, it is also called ' anti-trust' law, especially in the United States.

Дата добавления: 2014-10-22