Carry - carried

FORM

SIMPLE PAST

The Present Simple versus the Present Continuous

USE 7 Actions regular in progress under certain circumstances

USE 6 Developing or changing situations

The Present Continuous is used to describe situations in progress. That is why it is also sometimes called the Present Progressive. We often use the verbs to get, to increase, to develop, to rise, to grow, to expand, etc. to describe changing situations.

• I’ m getting taller.
• He’ s losing weight.
• My English is getting better.
• The economy of the country is improving.
• The world’s population is increasing.

The present continuous is used to describe situations or actions regular in progress under certain circumstances.

• She never smiles when she is dancing.
• I like to sing while I am cooking.

Time expressions used with the Present Continuous:

now, at the moment, at present, these days, still, nowadays, today, tonight, etc.

Present Simple	Present Continuous
We use the Present Simple to refer to regular actions (habits), current situations or facts in general. EXAMPLE: David complains a lot about everything because he's an impatient person.	We use the Present Continuous to refer to new habits (or repeated actions) which happen around the time of speaking or writing. EXAMPLE: Andy is complaining a lot about his work lately. He used to be a happier person.
We use the Present Simple to refer to long-lasting or permanent situations. EXAMPLE: Penny works in her father's construction company.	We use the Present Continuous to refer to situations which are temporary (lasting for a short time around the present. EXAMPLE: Terence is running his aunt's shop until she recovers from her illness.
We use the Present Simple to refer to future actions which happen regularly according to a timetable or schedule. EXAMPLE: The show starts in 15 minutes.	We use the Present Continuous to refer to planned future actions. EXAMPLE: Some old friends are visiting us next week.
We use the Present Simple to refer to short actions happening at the time of speaking (e.g. during sports commentaries).We also use this in reviews of plays, films or books. EXAMPLE: The ball goes into the net and it's another point for the Reds in this exciting basketball final!	We use the Present Continuous to refer to actions (especially longer actions) happening at the time of speaking or writing. EXAMPLE: The lecturers are holding a meeting now to discuss the students' progress.

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

• You called Debbie.
• We went to the cinema.

The interrogative is formed by means of the Past Simple of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to. The negative form is formed by means of the Past Simple of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to plus the negative particle not.

• Did you call Debbie?

• Did we go to the cinema?
• You did not call Debbie.
• We did not go to the cinema.

The pronunciation of the ending –ed(-d) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced as:

[t] after voiceless consonants except t: passed, pushed, liked, worked;

[d] after voiced consonants except d and vowels: lived, played, opened;

[id] after t and d: wanted, landed.

Spelling notes

1. when the verb ends in a single - e, this e is dropped before adding - ed:

argue- argued

love – loved

live - lived

2. when the verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single consonant, this consonant is doubled before adding - ed:

beg – begged

rob – robbed

stop – stopped

3. the verb of two or more syllables whose last syllable contains only one vowel and ends in a single consonant doubles this consonant if the stress falls on the last syllable:

admit- admitted

prefer – preferred

permit - permitted

4. the verbs ending in – l always double it before adding - ed.

travel – travelled

signal – signalled

control - controlled

NOTE: However, with some final consonants, even in cases when the preceding vowel is unstressed, doubling does occur in standard received British English (but is not favoured in American English), so ‘travel’ becomes ‘travelling/travelled’. The same is true for ‘cancel’, ‘counsel’, ‘dial’, ‘model’, ‘parallel’ and ‘signal’.

5. the verbs ending in -y preceded by a consonant change -y into -i and add -ed:

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