REMEMBER Statal Verbs

Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

USE 2 Cause of something in the past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:

• Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
• Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
• Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

If we do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.

Examples:

• He was tired because he was exercising so hard.

This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.

• He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.

This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.

It is important to remember that Statal Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.

Examples:

• The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct
• The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct

Past Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect
when we are talking about the duration of a situation or activity   e.g. He had been travelling for about two weeks.	when we are talking about the completion of a situation or activity or its effects e.g. I had thought about flying to Rome, but all the flights were booked up.
when we are talking about how long something went on up to a particular time   e.g. We had been looking at the painting for about ten minutes before we realized who the artist was.	if we are talking about how many times something happened in a period up to a particular past time   e.g. I had heard the symphony many times before.
to emphasize the activity   e.g. I’d been working hard, so I felt that I deserved a holiday	to emphasize the result   e.g. I’d worked hard and the report was now finished.

Time expressions used with the Past Perfect Continuous:

for, since, how long, before, until, etc.

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