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522. We have surveyed a field in the throes of almostfrenetic experimental activity. Development has been so rapid that there has been little time for stock-taking. There are so many things to do, so many facts to gather, so many experiments to be conformed or which require additional controls that, for the moment, it seems wiser to be wary of far-reaching conclusions. Much more has been discovered of what has to be learned than has emerged as firmly established knowledge.

523. The switch contacts in practically all tuners are silver-plated over a base of copper, brass, etc. After a certain amount of use and exposure to the atmosphere, these contacts develop a re­sistive coating. While this is ordinarily called oxidation, it isn't necessarily so. In quite a few cases, this turns out to be sulphation from sulphur-bearing gases in the air. So the coating on the points is a sulphide or sulphate instead of an oxide. Fortunately, the processes for dealing with them are about the same.

524. The investigations of Westphal and his associates on the isolated moiety of bacterial endotoxin that they designated lipoid A (lipid A) have attracted much interest. These workers empha­sized that for lipid A to exert endotoxic effects it must be suitably dispersed in aqueous menstruum, and they speculated that, were it possible to disperse lipid A in water in a manner comparable to its original state as bound to the polysaccharide carrier, it would then display biological activity similar to that of the intact endo-toxin.

525. This formula agrees with a result obtained previously by Dawson (1959). An investigation of cylindrical plasma oscilla­tions gives, to second order, the same result. Strangely enough, the numerical factor 1/48 is the same in both cases. It is not sur­prising to find a frequency shift for spherical and cylindrical plas­ma oscillations. In fact Sturrock (1957) has shown this to be true in general whenever the wave motion extends into more than one dimension. Unfortunately, it is exceedingly complex to check our result against the general formulae obtained by Sturrock, since for this purpose we would have to Fourier analyse the number density.

526. Certain false-positive results must be guarded against. The decrease in extracellular fluid induced by sodium restriction increases aldosterone secretion to levels well within the range seen in primary aldosteronism. A similar state may be artificially induced in hypertensive patients who have been taking diuretics for long periods, and it, too, is accompanied by lowered serum potassium. Thus it is most important that both serum electrolytes and urinary aldosterone values be determined while the patient is taking a normal amount of sodium (85 to 170 mEq. per day).

527. Before describing the special test circuit used in these investigations, it is necessary to give a definition of the quantities to be measured. In the schematic diagram of Fig. 1, which is particularly suitable for this purpose, the deviations of the actual characteristic from the theoretical characteristic are greatly ex­aggerated to make a comparison of these characteristics and dis­cussion of the essential points possible. Other graphical methods will be used in the following sections of this paper for presenta­tion of the results of measurements, with actual scales correspon­ding to current ranges of instruments employed in the test circuit.

528. Over a period of three years of experimental work on the two-phase flow of air and water, a considerable number of test sections have had to be constructed. These have always consisted of an acrylic resin tube with standardized end flanges and one or more of a variety of blocks and sleeves cemented to it.

On all but a very few occasions great difficulty has been expe­rienced in joining these items together. Whilst the Tensol No. 6 cement used has no ill effects on the flanges or blocks, its use has always been accompanied by cracking or severe surface crazing of the tube wall.

529. Germanium devices, when correctly used, are capable of essentially infinite life. It was commonly assumed in early higher temperature semiconductor work that silicon devices and those of materials, such as silicon carbide and III-V compounds would have similar life expectancy. That this is not realized in soft-soldered silicon devices is now well established. Evidence is pre­sented to show that this limitation in life is due to fatigue rupture of the soft-soldered joints when they are subjected to cyclic ther­mal strees. A new hard-soldered structure is described which has been proved by long experience to eliminate fatigue failure com­pletely.

530. Models indicate that with triphenyl phosphite in a pyra­midal form the tetramethylammonium ion can be completely sur­rounded by the aryl groups, and the centre of positive charge of the ion lies within 3.5 A of the P-0 and C-O bonds. The extent to which this occurs with the consequent reduction in ion mobility

will clearly depend, in part at least, on the degree to which the aryl groups of the particular solvent molecule have achieved a planar configuration, and this in turn muts affect the closeness of approach of the ions of the other solutes.

531. Early papers on this type of amplifier were optimistic that it would prove to be a device with very high efficiency. The present calculations show that the simple considerations on which this was based are not valid, but it is by no means certain that it will not be possible to find modes of operation which will give high efficiency. In particular the effects of space-charge forces and operation with the cyclotron frequency not equal to the signal frequency and the possibilities of various methods of maintaining synchronism have still to be explored.

532. To understand how collective motion can develop in the shell-model framework it is necessary to study configuration in­teraction. Therefore group-theoretical methods are used to inves­tigate the possible classification schemes for a number of nucle-ons in mixed configurations. One particular coupling scheme which will be shown to have collective properties is described in detail. The wave functions in this scheme are seen to be very simi­lar to those resulting from an actual shell-model calculation with configurational mixing.

533. The reason for this vehicular dependence is that the an­tenna current distribution and impedance depend upon the na­ture of the surroundings. The vehicle on which the whip is moun­ted actually becomes a part of the antenna circuit and represents a sort of counter poise for the whip. Therefore the antenna imped­ance will vary for different vehicles and mounting positions. If the mounting position is changed the matching networks have to be retuned for optimum performance.

534. Other simple methods include the following: if a resistor or capacitor is somewhat low, adding a small resistor in series or a small capacitor in parallel can produce the desired increase. To reduce these components if too high, a larger resistor in parallel or larger capacitor in series can achieve the desired result. With such methods and a reliable means of checking frequency, there is no need for an unusually precise means of determining resistance or capacitance.

535. This unit is adaptable to practically any electronic organ. It is simple to build the one-tube amplifier and add another set of contacts.

The tones produced have the characteristic percussion «plunk» bell-like sound. Perhaps a better way to explain the tone is to say that it sounds as though a hammer was used to hit a tone bar. Any number of notes can be played simultaneously. All keys must be released before the next is played, however. Selective percussion is possible; that is, if the preceding note is held until after the next one is played, no percussion will sound.

536. In the last 20 years I have seen 150 ganglion cysts, all of which have been cured by simple pressure without a single recur­rence and without a single failure. I have read in the literature that a large percentage of these cycsts have to be operated on for cure. I have seen 3 or 4 that had been operated on before I saw them, and all but one of these had recurred after operation. They were all subsequently cured by simple pressure. Is my experience unique, or are other surgeons subjecting these patients to opera­tion before trying this simple method?

537. Here the CS signified «press lever for food» and was associated with electrographic desnychronization. The DS signi­fied «no food» to the hungry cat and is contrast to the preceding finding was accompanied by a desynchronized rather than syn­chronized EEC Thus, the electrical pattern expressed would appear to depend as much upon the behavioral meaning of the signal as on the requirement for attentiveness and signal percep­tion. Under some circumstances the neural processes may be com­petitive, the electrical outcome depending upon relative predomi­nance and algebraic summation.

538. Electrical conductivity was not only markedly affected by the pressure but the effect in the two similar semiconductors was opposite. Conductivity in the two materials differed by a fac­tor of 1012. Conductivity of the germanium semiconductor con­taining arsenic impurities increased 10'4 times with the applica­tion of pressure. In the antimony-doped germanium semiconductor, conductivity decreased by a factor of 108.

Impurities in semiconductors have been assumed to enhance conductivity because they add free electrons to the crystal. How­ever this theory does not explain the opposite results obtained with the two different impurities added to germanium crystals.

539. That intoxication with meat occasionally may be pro­duced in animals without Eck's fistulas suggests that similar toxic products may be formed even in normal animals and be destroyed by the liver. Results of excessive feeding of meat should be com­pared after various alterations of the portal and inferior vena caval circulation in relationship to Eck's fistula. Such informa­tion would determine whether intestinal function is altered so that more toxic material is formed or whether the altered circulation to the liver is a factor in the destruction of such substances.

540. Robert S. Bell, company president, says the technique would increase communications efficiency by eliminating redun­dant data prior to transmission, thereby allowing more informa­tion to be transmitted over existing facilities.

«It is similar to dehydration». Bell explains. «Data is com­pressed during transmission and expanded to its original form at the receiving end». Bell says the technique was conceived to re­duce cost and weight in satellite and telemetry applications, but that it could be used for television.

541. The banding ratio was defined as the ratio of free ferrite path in the rolling direction to that in the thickness direction. Care was taken to compute a value only after sufficient counting that the percentage of ferrite (or pearlite) was the same (within 0.5%) in both directions. With this procedure the ferrite and pearl­ite banding ratios are identical. From Fig. 1 the banding ratio is seen to vary in an essentially inverse way with grain size, ban­ding being more pronounced in the steel of finer grain size, irre­spective of rolling process.

542. Solid solutions were being formed between the green ter­tiary phosphate and one or more acid components. Solid solu­tions have been classified by Roozeboom and by Ricci as being of six types readily distinguishable by the use of the Roozeboom diagram, in which the percentage of A in the liquid is plotted against that in the solid in contact (the water content being ig­nored), i. e., 100 A/(A + B)%, where A and B are the two salts concerned. Several possibilities for A and B were tried but in no case could the present system be described as being one of the six types.

543. The present findings make it clear that imipramine does in fact favorably influence the activity of the brain system associated with reward, as we expected an antidepressant would. How­ever, it seems to act in some indirect augmenting capacity (since amphetamine is required for the action) rather than through di­rect simulation. This accords with the suggestion of Sigg (2) that imipramine exerts a «sensitizing» influence on central adrener-gic synapses. All our data can be viewed as supporting this no­tion.

544. It thus seems likely for man and smaller mammals that exercise is not a good source of metabolic heat for maintaining body temperature because of the great increase in heat loss (largely convective loss) involved in the exercise. Shivering is more effi­cient because heat loss can be minimized by decreasing surface area (curling up) and maintaining the isulation due to fur and visoconstriction. Specific dynamic action of foods should also be a good source of heat, providing it is not associated with a marked cutaneous vasodilatation and thus an excessive increase in heat loss.

545. Radio-command midcourse guidance is regarded as ha­ving great potential for future lunar and interplanetary missions. It is suitable for ensuring impact on a small preselected area of the surface of the Moon, for guidance prior to the creation of a lunar satellite and for sending a recoverable space probe round the Moon and back to Earth. Furthermore, provided the measure of the Astronomical Unit is improved, such quidance will ensure approaches of 10.000 to 20.000 miles of the planets Mars and Venus.

546. For reasons discussed in the text, this «free» ferritin, seen only at very long intervals after ferritin administration, is thought to be a newly synthesized or endogenous protein rather than the exogenous tracer. Magnification 80,000.

547. Rabbits made granulocytopenic with nitrogen mustard have been shown to generate serum endogenous pyrogen when given a fever-producing dose of bacterial endotoxin. This finding is in accord with the hypothesis that endogenous pyrogen plays a central role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin fever.

548. In the work now to be described, it was observed that a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene caused extraor­dinary changes in the rat consisting of adrenal apoplexy and massive necrosis in the two inner zones of the cortex while other regions of the adrenal glands were uninjured. In addition to the selectivity of the anatomic site of damage, there is high specificity of the molecular structure of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocar­bon exerting this adrenocorticolytic effect.

549. At present, the atomic beam magnetic resonance tech­nique appears to be the most fruitful method of measuring nuclear moments. The experimental approach is very nearly the same as that introduced in the thirties, the principle difference being that radioactive detection has made possible the study of many mate­rials which were previously inaccessible. This technique is being used for determining the moments of radioactive nuclei in at least five laboratories in this country and several abroad.

550. Adding to the confusion existing between subluxation and dislocation, is the phrase «congenital dysplasia», first intro­duced by Hilgenreiner of Prague, in 1925. He believed that both subluxation and dislocation should be called dysplastic hips, since they are always combined with faulty development of the acetabu-lum. The authors question the validity of this interpretation; in this series — as in others — congenital dislocation occurred in the presence of an acetabulum which appeared sufficient on x-ray.

551. It should be pointed out that it is not possible to identify the intracellular site of viral RNA formation by this technique, for the tritiated precursors can be incorporated into both viral and cellular components, and no distinction between the two can be made. Furthermore, the total amount of viral biosynthesis is probably exceedingly small when compared to cellular biosyn­thesis, and, thus, all detectable incorporation of precursors may have represented synthesis of cellular macromolecules only.

552. Whether or not the total carbohydrate utilized by the hepatoma slices was greater than that utilized by the liver slices cannot be decided by the experiments carried out here. The liver slices contained about 2 per cent glycogen, and the possibility of a preferential utilization of this glycogen over the added glu­cose cannot be ruled out. This would not apply to the turmor slices which, as pointed out below, contained practically no gly­cogen.

553. Newborn dogs appear to receive material antibodies by gastointestinal absorption of these proteins from the colostrum during the first day of life. Puppies of blood group A, born of immu­nized A-negative dams, if permitted to nurse the dam the first day of life, may receive large amounts of canine anti-A by this route. A severe hemolytic anemia is thus produced in A, pups and may be fatal during the first 2 or 3 days of life. Pups of blood type A2 are generally more mildly affected, and may exhibit only positive di­rect antiglobin tests of their red cells. A-negative pups are unaffec­ted although the antibody, canine anti-A, is found in the serum.

554. Although the preponderance of the intracellular route appears strongly supported by the new findings, there is also evi­dence that smaller amounts of the tracer may reach the urinary spaces via intercellular channels: occasionally ferritin molecules are found within some slits, and more frequently the marker oc­curs in appreciable concentration in some extracellular diverti-cula of what appear to be «open» urinary spaces. Its persistence in such places throughout the preparation procedure, may be due to poor drainage of the diverticulae or to ahigh protein content in the filtrate.

555. The polymerization process in the acid-catalyzed mela-nization is therefore envisaged as beginning with selfcombina-tions of the quinone (VII) to give the dimer (VIII) or isomers, such a reaction apparently being acid-catalyzed, followed by reac­tion between dihydroxyindolyl groups in the dimer or oligomers with free or combined indolequinone groups. Since the reacting groups are not necessarily monofunctional a branched or cross-linked polymer will result. If under anaerobic conditions this were the only process the final polymer would contain only one quinon-oid group per molecule, which is certainly not the case.

556. Dear Sir., — I was interested to see that Mr. R. P. F. Lauder in his article in the July 1961 issue suggests a circuit in which forward breakdown in silicon controlled rectifiers is de­liberately used to economize in trigger circuits. Until recently I was confident that this type of breakdown was non-destructive. However, I have lost confidence in this view after seeing several silicon controlled rectifier failures, apparently due to forward breakdown. Also at least two of the manufacturers listed by Mr. Lauder definitely do not subscribe to the non-destructive theory.

This appears to be a point of considerable importance which still requires definite clarification.

557. In reply to the letter from Drs. Franklin and Francis (1961), we regret that we have not made it clear that in using a particular equation of motion for the electron in our paper (Gal­lop et al., 1961), we are relying on experimental evidence to sup­port the assumptions that are made. The equation of motion dif­fers from that for the free electron gas, in that a term describing an elastic restoring force is included on the left-band side of the equa­tion. The inclusion of a restoring force term in the equation of motion seems to have been first proposed in the early 1930's (see review paper by Darrow 1932).

558. Among the difficulties of making a translation from re­ceptor discharge, as observed by Hensel, to sensation is the diffi­culty of explaining the clear-cut changes in sensory threshold reported by Thauer and Ebaugh and by Lele. This may be partly accounted for by the use of the longue as an experimental site because as seen in the above figure the neutral set point is near 37° C instead of 33.5° C which is the neutral skin temperature. Thus, there must be assumed to be wide differences in the receptor responses depending on body location and other factors and too general an extrapolation is certainly not warranted except in specu­lative probing.

559. The animals grew progressively weaker, wore lethargic and had frequent emesis after eating. Death usually was preceded by convulsions. Typical symptoms did appear after Eck's fistulas were established in dogs in which a 20-cm blind loop of small intestine had been made previously. Dogs in which such loops were the only change survived and showed no symptoms; after the addition of the Eck's fistula, there usually was rapid deteriora­tion, with typical symptoms and death within 3 to 6 weeks. How­ever, several of these dogs did not show any symptoms or deterio­ration; in each of these instances, portal-hepatic or portal-systemic collateral vessels were demonstrated.

560. A closed-loop system is one in which an output quantity is controlled by an input quantity, the essential feature being that the direct modification of the output quantity is achieved by an error signal derived from comparison of input and output quanti­ties. An actual system may be required to cause the output quanti­ty to be controlled by a variable input, or to hold the output steady against disturbances in the output domain while the input remains substantially constant. Whatever are the actual performance re­quirements of a system, it is a normal feature that the output po­wers controlled are greater than the error signal power, and that the error controls the output through a forward path containing power gain.

561. The two most obvious methods of generating a series of harmonically related waves are either to extract them by means of filters from short impulses recurring regularly at, or below, the required fundamental frequency or, alternatively, to divide down from a frequency much higher than those required. The first meth­od requires considerably more elaborate filters than does the se­cond, because, if each component frequency is to be determined to much better than 10 per cent, all the filters must attenuate all unwanted components by considerably more than 40 dB. Filters with this degree of selectivity require careful attention to the sta­bility both of the applied frequency and of their own components in order to avoid changes of relative amplitude and phase with ambient-temperature change.

562. If large systems are required it may be better to use a number of small interconnected computers rather than one enor­mous machine. Here packaged construction comes into own, since the computer becomes effectively one large package. If external direct access to the store is available, then individual computers can be connected together via their stores. In this way the compu­ters can operate as a team, which together form a complex control system. These computers used not necessarily be in one place. For instance, it would be possible to have a number of simple computers controlling a large interconnected electricity supply network, with each of the individual computers controlling a sec­tion of the network and located in the appropriate area, communi­cating with the others through data links.

563. Pressor Responses toEpinephrine andNorepinephrine.— Pressor responses of group I control and endotoxin — pretreated animals to epinephrine and nor-individual experiments revealed no correlation between these variables, the experiment was re­peated in 12 additional rabbits (group II), using purified rather than crude endotoxin. In this series, the animals were tested with epinephrine only. The results (Fig. 2) show the pressor responses again to be significantly increased over those of the controls. The basal blood pressures of experimental and control animals in group II were essentially the same (62 ± 3 and 61 ± 5 mm Hg, respectively), confirming that the different pressor responses re­corded from animals in group I were not due simply to the diffe­rent basal pressures.

564. It is important that most of the brain growth be ac­complished during the first year, when the infant has so much to learn and do, for the first year of life requires a great deal of unobtrusive packing for a journey that will last the rest of the traveler's life. To perform this packing successfully, his brain must be much larger than 350 cc, but quite clearly he cannot wait till he has grown a brain of 800 cc. before being born. Hence, he must be born with the maximum sized brain possible, and do the rest of his brain growing after birth.

565. All these reactions at any specific point are assumed to obey the same macroscopic diffusion-and reaction-rate laws as those that would be obeyed if all the reactive species were distribu­ted homogeneously, except for one important difference — we substitute probability densities for the usual macroscopic con­centrations.

The reason for this substitution is that the pronounced spatial inhomogeneity in the radical distributions would require that a concentration be defined in a volume element with linear dimen­sions less than that of a molecule, a definition that would be mean­ingless.

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