North Holland Dairy Cooperative, Volendam, Postbus 4550NL-4452

LISTENING

WRITING

Write an essay on the concept of elasticity as a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions. Illustrate it with the examples of your own.

TRANSLATION

A. Translate from English into Russian.

Besides price elasticity of demand the following types of elasticity are particularly useful in a business context:

Income elasticity of demand – the impact a change in income has on the quantity demanded.

Advertising elasticity of demand – the impact a change in the amount spent on advertising has on the quantity demanded.

Cross elasticity of demand – the impact a change in price of one product has on the quantity demanded of a second product.

Elasticity is a planning tool for managers. It allows firms to ask ‘what if’ questions about their products, prices, advertising levels and so on. What will happen to our sales if we increase price by 10 p, or if we increase our advertising costs by 5%?

B. Translate from Russian into English.

Основными элементами рыночного механизма являются спрос, предложение, цена и конкуренция. Спрос – это форма выражения потребности. Объем спроса или количество товаров определяется такими факторами как цена товара или услуги, доходы потребителей, вкусы покупателей, общее число покупателей данного товара и др.

Одним из важнейших факторов, определяющих величину спроса, является цена товара или услуги. Максимальная цена, за которую покупатели готовы купить единицу товара в данный момент, есть цена спроса. Существует обратная связь между ценой и величиной спроса.

Предложение – это количество товаров или услуг, которые предложены для реализации на рынке в определенный промежуток времени. Объем предложения зависит прежде всего от цены. Чем выше цена товара, тем прибыльнее его производство.

Negotiating on the Phone

You’ll hear part of a telephone negotiation about the sale of yogurt between a salesperson and a buyer. Note down your answers to these questions:

1. What are they talking about?

2. What significant points were made?

3. Who made them?

4. What do you think the salesperson will do after the telephone conversation?

5. Is the fax below an accurate reflection of the phone call?

Ms. Erena Eichelberger

Wholesale Groceries Inc.

P.O.B. 5678

A-1090 Vienna

Austria

Dear Ms. Eichelberger,

Telephone conversation 29 February 1999

This fax is to follow up our telephone call of this morning.

We are willing to supply 2,000 (two thousand) tonnes of our variety Splendide at $ 150 (one hundred and fifty dollars) per tonne. We expect to make the delivery at the latest by 15 March.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-16