Регистрация усредненных вызванных потенциалов 1 страница

Применение фильтровдля ЭЭГ

Большинство исследователей, не занимающихся специально ЭЭГ, интересуется реакциями в какой-то определенной полосе частот, обычно 8—13 Гц, т. е. в диапазоне альфа-ритма. Обычно полиграфы не имеют специальных фильтрующих схем для выделения этих частот. Поэтому чаще всего ЭЭГ регистри­руют в диапазоне 1—60 Гц. В предусилителях переменного тока фильтры настроены таким образом, чтобы устранять очень медленные и очень быстрые волны. Такая «сырая» ЭЭГ, которая уже прошла предварительную фильтрацию, пропускается затем через узкополосный фильтр, настроенный на нужную частоту, и подается на другой канал полиграфа. Более изощренные экспериментаторы будут, вероятно, пробовать разные фильтры, чтобы выяснить, что больше всего подходит для изучения данной проблемы. Именно такой подход привел Грея Уолтера к открытию отрицательного отклонения медленного потенциала.

Для изучения таких потенциалов нужна более совершенная техника, чем для регистрации тех психофизиологических пока-

Приложение E. Головной мозг

зателей, которые мы рассматривали ранее. Помимо высокого качества записи ЭЭГ, здесь еще требуется усредняющее вы­числительное устройство. Средняя величина может вычисляться по ходу эксперимента или же после его окончания, по магнитной записи ЭЭГ и моментов предъявления стимулов.

Обычно раздражитель дается 20—100 раз. На записи ЭЭГ должны быть отметки точного момента включения каждого раздражителя (усредняется односекундный интервал после всех таких моментов).

Регистрация отрицательного отклонения медленного потенциала

Поскольку это относительно небольшой и медленно изменяю­щийся потенциал, для его регистрации важно применять стабильные электроды. Даже слабая поляризация электродов может быть ошибочно принята за потенциалы коркового происхождения. Поэтому стандартная процедура измерения сопротивления между электродами с помощью омметра здесь непригодна. Так как омметр подает на электроды кратковре­менный постоянный потенциал, при этом легко может возникнуть нежелательный побочный эффект в виде разности потенциалов между ними. В этих случаях для проверки плот­ности контакта следует использовать прибор для измерения импеданса. Очевидно, что здесь нужен предусилитель постоян­ного тока или предусилитель с очень большой постоянной времени (по меньшей мере в несколько секунд).

В неконтролируемых условиях большинство людей имеет тенденцию в момент нажатия кнопки смотреть вниз (даже при закрытых глазах). В области вертекса в это время могут регистрироваться относительно большие изменения роговично-сетчаточного потенциала. Таким образом, движения глаз легко могут давать артефакт, накладывающийся на медленные корковые потенциалы. Существует ряд электронных систем для одновременной записи электроокулограммы и автомати­ческого вычитания величины роговично-сетчаточного потен­циала. Однако значительно проще, а может быть и надежнее, просить испытуемого фиксировать взор на какой-либо точке и исключать из обработки те случаи, когда появляются за­метные движения глаз.

Ясно, что при регистрации отрицательного отклонения медленного потенциала тоже нужен электронный усреднитель. Обычно бывает достаточно примерно 12 стимулов, и для этой цели можно приспособить устройство для регистрации усред­ненных вызванных потенциалов. Хильярд (Hillyard, 1974) дает хороший обзор этих и других методических проблем.

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Lacey J. I., Bateman D. E., Van Lehn R. Autonomic response specificity: An experi­mental study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1953, 15, 8—21.

Lacey J. I., Kagan J., Lacey B. S., Moss H. A. The visceral level: Situational de­terminants and behavioral correlates of autonomic response patterns. In: P. H. Knapp (Ed.), Expression of the emotions in man. New York: International Universities Press, 1963.

Lacey J. Lacey B. Baroreceptors, brain and behavior (and bits of boloney). Invited lecture at Society for Psychophysiological research Convention. San Diego, 1976.

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