VI. Speaking

Enforcement of International Law

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate forms from the table.

Correct the mistakes in the sentences given below. You can find the right versions in the text. Mind the grammar (Passive Voice).

Point out sentences with Passive Voice in the text and explain the use.

IV. GRAMMAR FOCUS

1. Some international law is also create by the rulings of international courts and organizations.

2. The rules of international law generally divided into laws of peace, of war, and of neutrality.

3. Enforcement may effectively achieved through the actions of individual nations, agencies of international organizations such as the United Nations (UN), and international courts.

4. War still recognizes under traditional international law.

5. Neutral waters and ports must not be use for naval operations.

After a …(1) body passes a law for a nation or a state, police …(2) the laws, and people who break …(3) are tried in courts. However, there is no international legislature to pass rules that all nations are required … (4). Neither is there an international police force …(5) countries obey international law. As a result, it is often difficult to enforce international law.

International law …(6) in three groups, according to how many nations accept them. Universal international law …(7) the rules …(8) by all nations as part of international law. These rules …(8) such items as the sanctity of treaties, the safety of foreign ambassadors, and each nation’s jurisdiction over the air space above its territory. General international law includes rules accepted by the majority of countries, especially …(10) that are most powerful. One law of this type is the rule that each nation has jurisdiction …(11) its territorial waters. A water area typically claimed to extend 12 nautical miles from …(12) shore. Particular international law includes agreements between two or among a few nations, such as trade treaties.

	A	B	C
	legislation	legislative	legislature
	enforce	enforcement	enforceable
	they	them	their
	to observe	observance	observation
	made	to make	make
	are often classified	is often classified	often classified
	include	includes	to includes
	accepted	accepting	accept
	covers	cover	is covered
	them	they	those
	under	above	over
	it’s	its	it

1. Does a rule of International Law exist only if all nations formally accept it as binding upon them?

2. May a state rely on its own domestic law as a defense to a breach of International Law?

3. Does the term International Criminal Law refer to the enforcement of national and international laws against individual criminals, rather than the application of a set of laws based on a treaty agreed to by all nations? 4. Did International Law exist before 1648, when the European Peace of Westphalia established the modern system of states?

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