Main results

Goals

This describes what will happen through a research.
Typically it describes things being started with,
- Who, what, why, whom, when, where etc.
- Research proposal may have several objectives, many researches break down the objectives into immediate or specific objectives.

Statements about objectives often have the following verbs: assess We assessed whether...

determine The goal of our study was to determine whether...

investigate We investigated the...

evaluate This trials evaluated the...

The Discussion section usually begins with a summary of the main findings. This is associated with the objective of the study. There are typical verbs which you can use:

show We have shown that...

confirm Our study confirmed that...

provide evidence These findings provide strong evidence that...

If the results are less certain:

suggest These results suggest that...

and with negative results:

fail to This study failed to show that...

Exercises

10.1 Read the eight extracts from an article in the Medical Journal. Decide which section of the article each extract comes from. There are two extracts from each of the four sections.

1 People with older parents had more probability to lose them before they reached the age of 18 years.

2 Using a large British record linkage database, we investigated the connection between paternal age and schizophrenia in offspring.

3 We took Cox's proportional hazards models to determine the influence of paternal age on psychosis.

4 Our group comprised 654,230 people born in Britain between 1973 and 1980 and still alive and resident in Britain at the age of 16 years.

5 Our results verify connection between increased paternal age and schizophrenia in offspring, which remained even after we controlled for a wide range of potential mixed factors.

6 The growing evidence that factors acting at different points in life contribute to an individual's risk of developing schizophrenia exist.

7 The main restriction of our analysis is that case determination was based on people admitted to hospital only with diagnoses written on an administrative database.

8 Table 1 presents the characteristics of subjects in relation to the age of their parents.

(BMJ 2004; 329: 1070 Amended with permission from BMJ Publishing Group)

10.2 Look at the research questions (1-4) and write a statement of the objective of each study, using a proper form of the verb in brackets.

1 Are calcium and vitamin D replenishment able to decrease the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women? (assess)

2 Does the way doctors dress influence patients' confidence and trust in them? (determine)

3 Can blood transfusion have a risk of herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) transmission? (evaluate)

4 Is there any connection between never being married and increased risk of death? (investigate)

10.3 Answer questions:

1. What section of a research article do you read first? Why?

2. Study your own article or any other articles close to your specialty (or the field you are interested in) and make an annotion or persentation according to the research article structure.

10.4 Learn the physician’s questions (Part 2) and make your own dialogue, train with your partner in class. You can use questions from (Part I) unit 9.

1. What troubles you? What bothers you?

2. When did the pain start?

3. Where does the pain extend, irradiate? (over the back, into the arm, shoulder-blade?)

4. Do you have oedema? When did you first notice it?

5. Have you been botheredby dispnea? (breathlessness)

6. Do you complain of heart palpitation?

7. Have you done E.C.G. (electrocardiogram)

8. Are you gaining weight? Are you loosing weight?

9. Do you keep a diet? Do you follow a diet?

10. Are you suffering from belching? (regurgitation)

11. Do you feel pain after meal? Does the pain come at once or in some time?

12. How many times a day do you defecate?

13. How often do you urinate?

14.Is urination painful?

15. Is the pain severe or slight?

Addtitional grammar and vocabulary exercises:

Дата добавления: 2014-12-10