Summary

VI. Summarize the contents of the text in 10 sentences.

VII. Translate the text in writing without a dicti­onary:

1. Sociology is more than a perspective; it is also a form of investigation that uses the logic of science to learn about the social world.

2. The logic of science is an important foundation of all sociological research and, more broadly, a valuable means of evaluating information we encounter every day.

3. There are three basic requirements of sociological investigation: (1) being aware of the larger social world; (2) using the sociological perspective; and (3) being curious and asking questions about society.

4. There are many different ways of knowing, including personal experience, faith, acceptance of information provided by experts, and social agreement. Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence, and as such, may contradict to our common sense.

5. The logic of science makes use of concepts and variables. Concepts are abstract ideas that represent elements of society; concepts that vary in value are called variables. Measurement is the process of determining the value of a variable in any specific case. Sound measu­rement has the qualities of reliability and validity.

6. The logic of science seeks to specify the relationship among variables. Ideally, researchers seek relationships of cause and effect in which one factor (the independent variable) is shown to cause change in another factor (the dependent variable). In many cases, however, sociological investigation can only demonstrate that two variables vary together — a relationship called correla­tion.

7. The logic of science demands objectivity on the part of a researcher. While issues chosen for investigation may reflect personal interests, personal values and biases must be suspended in conducting the research.

8. The logic of science was developed primarily through studying the natural world. Although science can be used to study social behaviour, it has important limitations for doing so.

9. Curiosity and imagination, necessary for all successful research, spring from the human mind and not from the logic of science. Moreover, all human reality is based on patterns of meaning. The process of interpretation is therefore part of all sociological investigation.

10. All sociological research has ethical implica­tions.

VIII. Find in the text «The Structure of Social Interac­tions English equivalents for:

В конце концов; социальные модели; нормы поведения; в обществе; во главе; конечно; отчасти; несмотря на; во многом такие же; другими словами; окружение (среда); с готовностью; например; напротив; ограничить свободу; кроме того.

IX. Arrange the following words into pairs of anto­nyms:

Disorganized Limited Chaos Familiar Infinite Quietly In the presence Difference Lose Emerge Unfamiliar Organized Leave In the absence Finish Enter Noisily Arrival Departure In other words Ordinary Uncomfortable Similarity System In the same way Find Seldom Begin Disappear Unique Comfortable Often Strong Weak

X. Make up sentences choosing an appropriate variant from the second column:

l.The scientist was guided by... 2.The room was filled with... 3.His theory is built on... 4.Human behaviour is defined by... 5.Social interaction is patterned... 6.His activity is encouraged by... 7.He is in charge of...

1) Cultural values and norms. 2) The working team. 3) The latest scientific discoveries. 4) The Sociology Research Institute. 5) Unfamiliar faces. 6) Empirical investigation. 7) As society is an organized system.

XI. Make up dialogues according to the following situations:

1) An odd person comes to you. He says you were friends years ago. You have never met him before and you suspect his motives.

2) Your friend is acting very strangely. You feel he has a secret worry. Find out what is wrong with him.

3) Ask your friend to prove that the quality of personality is not inborn. It is a social phenomenon. Ask him whether we can predict a man's behaviour in a certain situation and what measurements of personality exist, what they are called.

4) You are an introvert by nature, you are unable to overcome uncertainty in taking decisions and often experience troubles in life. You are asked to organize a conference, but you are afraid to accept such an offer. Your friend tries to persuade you to agree.

Note: The following word-combinations may be helpful:

To be concerned with, to be interested in, to be guided by, to be encouraged by, to be in charge of, to be filled with, to be prone to, to make use of.

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