Principle Structural Units of the Aircraft

AIRCRAFT TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION

UNIT 3

Exercise 3.1.1 Read and translate the text.

Airplanes can be monoplanes and biplanes. Monoplanes are planes with one wing. Biplanes are planes which have two sets of wings, one above the other. According to the arrangement of the wing as to the fuselage there are 3 types of monoplanes: the high-wing, the mid-wing and the low-wing. According to their use airplanes can be passenger, cargo (freight) and special mission.

The aircraft consists of five principle structural units, namely, the power plant, the fuselage, the wings, the tail unit and the landing gear.

The power plant is a source of power. The function of the power plant is to provide power for flight and to propel the aircraft. The main part of the power plant is the engine or engines. There are two main types of engines: piston and jet engines. Modern airplanes have different kinds of jet engines.

The power plant also includes some systems, namely, the fuel system, the lubrication (oil) system, the fire-prevention (fire extinguishing) system, the engine cooling system and the engine control system. Each system has its function. The function of the fuel system is to provide the engine with fuel.

The fuselage is the body of the airplane to which the other sections are attached. It extends the fuselage from the nose to the tail of the machine. The size of the fuselage varies with the purpose of the plane but the main structure is the same for any of them. The fuselage can contain the flight compartment (cockpit), the passenger cabins, the galley, the baggage compartment, the cargo compartment, the toilets, the wardrobe (coat room), and the technical compartment. The flight compartment is normally in the forward (front) section of the fuselage. There is a window at the front of the flight compartment. It is called a windshield. On the port and starboard sides of the fuselage there are windows (portholes). The very front part of the fuselage is the nose. The very rear part of the fuselage is the tail unit (empennage). It consists of a fin and a horizontal stabilizer. The rudder is hinged to the fin and the elevator is hinged to the horizontal stabilizer. There is a tail wheel at the rear part of the fuselage on some aircraft.

The fuselage is the central body of the aircraft. It houses all passengers, crew, cargo, equipment and supports the tail unit, the wings and sometimes engines. The fuselage of modern aircraft are of all metal construction. The fuselage must be strong enough to withstand loads acting on it and have streamlined shape.

The most complicated section is the wing section. The wings are mostly metal structures which extend out on each side of the body of the aircraft. The wing may carry engines and fuel tanks. The wings are attached to the central panel.

The function of the wings is to create lift and support the aircraft in flight (in the air). There are movable parts in the wing. They are ailerons and flaps. The design of the wing depends on the size, weight and use of the airplane. Modern aircraft use various types of wings: a box-type, a multispar type and a sandwich type.

The tail unit provides directional stability and control of the aircraft in flight. The vertical surface or fin serves to support the rudder. The rudder is attached to the fin and controls the direction of flight in the horizontal plane. The horizontal surface or “stabilizer” supports elevators. The elevators control climb and descent of the airplane. The rudder and elevator are the movable parts of the tail unit.

On big aircraft, there is the main landing gear, the nose landing gear (nose wheel), and or the tail wheel.

The function of the landing gear is to support the aircraft on the ground, to taxi the airplane and to absorb the energy of landing. Also its function is to reduce shocks during taxiing, take-off and landing. The landing gear consists of the main and auxiliary units. The main landing gear forms the principle support of the aircraft, when it is on the ground. The auxiliary unit forms the auxiliary support. Most modern aircraft use the tricycle landing gear, that is the landing gear with a nose wheel. The undercarriage can be fixed or retractable. The retractable landing gear is retracted during take-off and is lowered during landing.

When the aircraft is safely airborne the pilot brakes the wheels and retracts the undercarriage. If the undercarriage is left in its extended position it reduces the rate of climb considerably.

In case of an emergency landing it is possible to land the aircraft with the undercarriage retracted. This is called a “belly landing” or “wheels up landing”. Before landing the pilot extends the undercarriage, after take-off he retracts it. The nose wheel prevents the airplane from nosing over upon landing.

Exercise 3.1.2 Answer the questions.

1. What are the principal structural units of the aircraft?

2. What are the three types of monoplanes?

3. What is a source of power?

4. What systems does the power plant include?

5. What does the fuselage contain?

6. What does the tail unit consist of?

7. Why must the fuselage have streamlined shape?

8. What is the function of the wings?

9. What does the design of the wings depend on?

10. What movable parts are there in the wing?

11. What does the tail unit provide?

12. What do elevators control?

13. What is the function of the landing gear?

14. What units does the landing gear consist of?

15. What do we call a tricycle landing gear?

16. What do we call a “belly landing”?

17. When is a “belly landing” used?

18. What is the nose wheel intended for?

Exercise 3.1.3 Write T if the sentence is true and F if the sentence is false.

1. Monoplanes have two sets of wings.

2. There are 3 types of monoplanes.

3. The aircraft consists of six principal structural units.

4. The power plant provides lift.

5. The main part of the power plant is the engines.

6. The function of the fuel system is to feed the engine with fuel.

7. The size of the fuselage is the same for any aircraft.

8. The fuselage is the central body of the aircraft.

9. The fuselage carries the crew and passengers.

10. The flight compartment is located at the rear part of the fuselage.

11. A window at the front of the flight compartment is called a porthole.

12. The fuselage must be strong enough to withstand resistance.

13. The wings are attached to the nose section of the aircraft.

14. The fuselage of the wing is to propel the aircraft in the air.

15. Ailerons and flaps are attached to the leading edge of the wing.

16. The design of the wind depends on the size of the airplane.

17. The vertical surface of the tail unit is called the “stabilizer”.

18. The fin provides directional stability of he aircraft in flight.

19. The horizontal stabilizer provides longitudinal stability of the aeroplane in flight.

20. The function of the landing gear is to support the aircraft on the ground.

21. The tricycle landing gear is the gear with a nose wheel.

22. If the undercarriage is left in down position it increases the rate of climb.

Exercise 3.1.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.

В зависимости от расположения крыла, поршневые и реактивные двигатели, система пожаротушения, система управления двигателем, кабина экипажа, багажный отсек, иллюминаторы, лобовое стекло, по правой стороне фюзеляжа, горизонтальный стабилизатор, в задней части фюзеляжа, пассажирский салон, создавать подъемную силу, выдерживать нагрузки, подвижные части хвостового оперения, элероны и закрылки, передняя стойка шасси, руление, взлет и посадка, основная опора самолета, убираемое шасси, выпускается во время посадки, уменьшает вертикальную скорость набора, аварийная посадка, посадка с убранными шасси.

Exercise 3.1.5 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

Back part, complex, to hold, wheel, airplane, secured, hold out against, energy or force that can be used to do work, over, regarding to, cargo, design, comprise, purpose, type, the fire fighting system, part, to supply, to change, cockpit, passenger compartment, coat room, WC, front section, windscreen, left side, right side, portholes, empennage, accommodate, facility, to stretch, secured, different, longeron, to manage, to roll, decrease, suck in, helping, to employ stationary, to extend, situation needing quick action, it is practicable, wheels up landing, airman, to stop.

Exercise 3.1.6 State what part of speech the following words belong to.

Monoplanes, can, and, the, jet, lubrication, provide, which, vary, with, main, the galley, them, but, technical, hinged, is, at, horizontal, withstand, acting, streamlined, left, in, stability, descent, movable, sandwich, plane, nose, function, taxiing, from, tricycle, retractable, during, extended, called, considerably, possible, with, belly, landing.

Exercise 3.1.7 Match the words and word combinations in column A with those in column B.

A	B
1. principal structural unit	a. шасси убирается во время взлета
2. central body of the aircraft	b. трехколесное шасси
3. to provide the engine with fuel	с. подвижные части хвостового оперения
4. engine control system	d. удерживать самолет на земле
5. the tail unit	e. хвостовое колесо
6. according to the use	f. самая задняя часть
7. from the nose to the tail	g. основной структурный элемент
8. the galley	h. зависит от размера, веса
9. technical compartment	i. центральная часть самолета
10. the very rear part	j. обеспечивать двигатель топливом
11. to withstand loads	k. в соответствии с назначением
12. to create lift	l. технический отсек
13. to control climb and descent	m. система управления двигателем
14. the movable parts of the tail unit	n. от носовой части до хвостовой
15. depends on the size, weight	o. бортовая кухня
16. tail wheel	p. хвостовое оперение
17. to support the aircraft on the ground	q. создавать подъемную силу
18. to absorb the energy of landing	r. выдерживать нагрузки
19. tricycle landing gear	s. управлять набором и снижением
20. landing gear is retracted during take off	t. поглощать энергию посадки

Exercise 3.1.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. The function of the fuel system is to ______________ the engine with fuel (supply, house, provide).

2. The rudder is _____________ to the fin (bolted, attached, hinged).

3. The aircraft ______________ of five principal structural units (includes, consists, uses).

4. The main _____________ of the power plant is the engine (element, side, part).

5. It extends from the nose to the _____________ of the machine (rear part, fin, tail).

6. The size of the fuselage ______________ with the purpose of the plane (consists of, accommodates, varies).

7. There is a window at the front of the flight _____________ (cockpit, cabin, compartment).

8. There is a _______________ at the rear part of the fuselage on some aircraft (nose wheel, main wheel, tail wheel).

9. The fuselage is the ______________ body of the aircraft (main, front, rear).

10. The fuselage must be _______________ enough to withstand loads (light, heavy, strong).

11. There are ______________ parts in the wing (stationary, changing, movable).

12. The most _______________ section is the wing section (important, useful, complicated).

13. The function of the wings is to ______________ lift (develop, support, create).

14. The tail unit provides direction ______________ of the aircraft in flight (motion, controllability, stability).

15. The horizontal surface _____________ elevators (controls, attaches, supports).

Exercise 3.1.9 Fill in the gaps with the related words.

1. The function of the power plant is to ______________ the aircraft (propeller, propelling, propel).

2. Biplanes are planes which have two ______________ of wing (set, setting, sets).

3. Modern airplanes have _____________ kinds of jet engines (differ, differently, different).

4. According to the ____________ airplanes can be passenger, cargo and special mission (using, used, use).

5. The power plant ______________ some systems (include, including, includes).

6. The flight compartment is ________________ in the forward section of the fuselage (normal, normally, normality).

7. It ______________ all passengers, crew, cargo and equipment (house, houses, housing).

8. The wings are mostly metal _______________ (structures, structured, structuring).

9. The wings _______________ out on each side of the aircraft (extended, extention, extend).

10. Modern aircraft use ______________ types of wings (variable, vary, various).

11. The vertical surface serves to _______________ the rudder (supports, supported, support).

12. The elevators ______________ climb and descent of the airplane (control, controlling, controls).

Exercise 3.1.10 Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. Monoplanes are planes ___________ one wing.

2. The fuselage is the body _______ the airplane ________ which the other sections are attached.

3. The size of the fuselage varies _______ the purpose ________ the plane.

4. ________ the port and starboard sides of the fuselage there are windows.

5. The tail unit consists ________ a fin and horizontal stabilizer.

6. The wings are attached _________ the central panel.

7. The rudder is attached ________ the fin and controls the direction ________ flight _____ the horizontal plane.

8. ________ big aircraft, there is the main gear, the nose wheel and or the tail wheel.

9. In case _________ emergency landing it is possible to make “belly landing”.

10. The nose wheel prevents the airplane ________ nosing over upon landing.

Exercise 3.1.11 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Бипланы – это самолеты, которые имеют два комплекта крыльев.

2. В зависимости от положения крыла существуют 3 типа монопланов: высокоплан, среднеплан и низкоплан.

3. Функцией силовой установки является создание мощности.

4. Силовая установка включает несколько систем, а именно: топливную систему, систему смазки, систему пожарогашения, систему охлаждения и систему управления двигателя.

5. Фюзеляж может размещать кабину экипажа, пассажирский салон, бортовую кухню и т.д.

6. Самая сложная секция – это крыло.

7. В крыле находятся подвижные части: элероны и закрылки.

8. Конструкция крыла зависит от размера, веса и назначения самолета.

9. Фюзеляж должен иметь обтекаемую форму.

10. Крылья крепятся к центроплану.

11. Функцией крыльев является создание подъемной силы и удерживание самолета в полете.

12. Также функцией шасси является уменьшение удара во время руления, взлета и посадки.

13. Шасси состоит из основных и вспомогательных агрегатов.

14. Когда самолет взлетел безопасно, пилот тормозит колеса и убирает шасси.

15. Если шасси остаются в выпущенном положении, это уменьшает значительно вертикальную скорость набора.

Exercise 3.1.12 Retell the text.

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