Префикс поп- (не-)

Погружаемый

estimate — оценивать -> underestimate — недооценивать

subsystem, subsonic, subcommittee, subdivision, subsurface,

submarine, undersea, underground, undercooling, underproduction,

underdeveloped;

non-conductor — непроводник; non-military — невоенный

non-effective, non-essential, non-standard, non-metal,

non-stop.

Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

ocean ['eujen], container, apparatus [,aep9'reites], machine

[ma'Jiin], spherical ['sferikal], plastic, metal platform, helicopter

['helikopta], manoeuvre [ma'nu:va], sport, mechanical

[mi'kaenikal], manipulator [ma'nipjuleita], system, miniature

['minja^a], microphone ['maikrafaun], to lift, minerals, battery,

stereo ['stiariau], construct, cultivate, videocamera, titanium

[tai'teinjam].

Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.

descend [di'send], legend ['ledsand], submerge [sab'maidj],

submersible [sab'ma:sibl], da Vinci [Vin^i], national ['naejani],

Geneva [dsi'niiva], Japanese [,cl5aepa'ni:z], technician [tek'nijan],

extreme [iks4ri:m], precision [pri'si3an], essentially [I'senjali],

cycloid ['saikloidi], particular [pe'tikjula], wrist [rist], provide

[preVaid], sample ['sa:mpl], image ['imids], scale [skeil], join

[djoin], politiciani [,poli4iJen],

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

accurate а — точный

almost adv — почти

advanced p.p. — новейший, передовой

collect V ~ собирать

construct V - строить, сооружать

crew п — экипаж

depth п — глубина

descend v — спускаться, опускаться

due to prp — благодаря, из-за

explore V — исследовать

find out V — выяснить, узнать

image п — изображение

instead of adv — вместо

join V — соединять, объединять

lift V — поднимать(ся)

mankind п — человечество

operate v — работать, действовать

particular а — данный,

особенный, отдельный

penetrate v — проникать

precision п — точность

promise v — обещать

provided cj — при условии

что; в том случае, если

realize v — осуществлять,

реализовывать

resist V — сопротивляться,

вьщерживать

sample п — образец

submerge v — погружаться,

опускаться вглубь

test V — проверять, подвергать

испытанию

transparent а — прозрачный

try V — пытаться, пробовать

battery-operated /?./?. — работающий на батареях

Text 9А

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

В каких странах ведутся работы по созданию погружаемых аппаратов?

Каковы особенности погружаемых аппаратов нового типа?

Descending to New Ocean Depths

We know little about the ocean yet. The dream of exploring under

the waves is almost as old as seagoing. Legend says that Alexander

the Great submerged himself in a round glass container, and

Leonardo da Vinci designed a submersible vehicle in his notebooks

centuries before Jules Verne wrote «Twenty Thousand Leagues Un-

der the Sea». If their dreams had been realized aifd such a craft had

been constructed, mankind would have known ajbout the secrets of

Ocean much earlier. However, already during tjhe Swiss National

Fair in 1964 a submersible vehicle took thousands of people deep

into Lake Geneva.,

Not long ago, the crafts that penetrated the' ocean depths were

almost as primitive as the marine life they watched around them.

However, non-military deep sea ships, so-cklled submersibles,

were progressing rapidly. Russian, French, Japanese and American

scientists are developing crafts that can submerge deeper, stay longer

and find out more than earlier apparatuses.

Soon, one of the most advanced crafts, a one passenger submerging

ship, will be tested. It may be able to take explorers and

technicians deeper than ever before (up to 3,300 feet) and perform

difficult underwater tasks with extreme precision.

This new submersible is essentially a spherical transparent plastic

hull^ mounted on a metal platform. It looks like an underwater helicopter

and can manoeuvre itself in its water environment with some

of the versatility^ of a helicopter due to the use of a cycloid rotor^

instead of conventional marine-propeller screws'^. It is expected

that this apparatus will move around the ocean like a sports car.

However, the breakthrough^ that will make this particular craft

quite different from other manned submersibles is a mechanical

hand called the sensory manipulator system^. Miniature video

cameras on the «wrist» of the manipulator provide it with vision

and microphones enable the submersible to «hear». This manipulator

system is designed to lift up to 120 pounds and will also be able

to perform such accurate scientific work as collecting samples of

ocean-floor minerals and marine life. When demonstrated, it lifted

crystal glasses, drew pictures and wrote with a pen.

Some scientists are trying to develop the world's deepest

manned submersible. When completed, it will be capable of submerging

to the depths of 21,000 feet. Its crew will be in a pressure-

resistant titanium-alloy cabin. This craft will be driven by a

battery-operated electric motor and will work for up to nine hours.

It will record images with colour television and stereo cameras and

will collect samples by manipulating two robotic arms.

If such crafts are constructed on a large scale, we shall be able

not only to spend our holidays enjoying the underwater life, but

also grow and cultivate sea plants, fish and pearls. It will be possible

provided scientists, designers and politicians from all over the

world join their efforts and solve the most important problems in

this field.

Notes to the Text

1. transparent plastic hull — прозрачный пластмассовый

корпус

2. versatility — свобода передвижения

3. cycloid rotor — несущий винт циклоидного типа

4. marine-propeller screw — судовой гребной винт

5. breakthrough — радикальное решение

6. sensory manipulator system — сенсорная система манипулятора

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 9. Просмотрите текст 9А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the text about? 2. What is a submersible? 3. Who was

the first to think of a submersible vehicle? 4.What writer wrote

about a submersible? 5. What special systems will be used on a new

submersible? 6. What are the characteristics of the manipulator

system? 7. What kind of submersible is being designed at present?

8. What do you think of the future of such vehicles? 9. What is the

name of the famous French scientist, an explorer of the ocean?

10. Have you seen his film? Have you read his books?

Упражнение 10. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию

текста 9А. Исправьте неправильные.

1. We know very little about the ocean yet. 2. The dream of exploring

the underwater life is very old. 3. It was Jules Verne who

was the first to write about a submersible vehicle. 4. Only Japanese

scientists are developing deep water submersible crafts. 5. A new

submersible craft looks and moves like an underwater helicopter.

6. A new submersible is provided with a manipulator that is designed

to lift 120 tons. 7. When demonstrated, it lifted crystal glass

and drew pictures. 8. When completed, the world's deepest

manned submersible will be capable of submerging to the depth of

21,000 feet. 9. This craft will be driven by a battery-operated electric

motor.

Упражнение 11. Найдите в тексте 9А условные придаточные предложения;

сделайте, где возможно, их бессоюзными.

Упражнение 12. Найдите условные придаточные предложения, выражающие

нереальные действия. Переведите.

1. If а scientific research is closely linked with practice, the results

are always good. 2. If you looked at the equipment of 1946,

you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3. If

there is a pressure change in the tires, a transmitter signals to adjust

the pressure. 4. If we were to make a journey in a plane to the nearest

star, we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 5. Were

traffic controlled by computers, cars could travel with safety and

speed. 6. Had submersibles been developed since the time of Alexander

the Great, mankind would have used natural resources from

the ocean floor and cultivated plants and fish there. 7. Had all submersibles

had autonomous principle of operation, they would have

become much more useful. 8. If fire-arms had not been invented,

the secret of Damascus steel would not have been lost. 9. If we

could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an а1ф1апе at a

speed about 300 km per hour, it would require 565 days to encircle

it at the equator. 10. If the satellite speed is less than necessary, it

will go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere.

Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные

значения слов provide, if (whether).

1. Specialists reported that a miniature video camera provided

the latest submersible with vision. 2. The speed of a satellite would

be less provided it moved at a greater distance from the Earth.

3. Drivers don't know yet whether radars will be mounted on the

next car models. 4. If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger

airplanes don't leave aiфorts. 5. It was very important to find out if

electricity could be used for long distance communication. 6. During

the entire flight, the pilot is provided with all the necessary information

about weather conditions. 7. Modern submersibles can

remain at the depth of 20,000 feet for eight hours or, if needed, as

long as two or three days. 8. A new system for motor cars can be

provided with infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at

night. 9. If underwater tourism continued to develop at the present

rate, the number of passengers could grow up to millions in only a

few years.

Упражнение 14. Переведите предложения с союзом unless и запомните

особенности его перевода.

1. Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving unless

some force was applied to stop it. 2. Space flights would be impossible

unless special materials for space vehicles were produced.

3. We should have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless

there were electricity. 4. The earth temperature would increase

indefinitely unless heat were radiated. 5. Unless the temperature

rises, the speed of the molecules will not increase. 6. It would have

been impossible to send satellites into orbit unless Newton's laws of

motion had been studied. 7. With heat generated by friction of the

air on aircraft surface, the temperature inside the cabin would increase

to almost 1,000 °C unless it were cooled by mechanical

means.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 15. Образуйте от следующих слов:

а) глаголы

usage, subdivision, indication, complication, difference, large,

systematisation, appearance, changeable, measurable;

б) существительные

noiseless, powerful, deep, dangerous, perform, realise, lighten.

Упражнение 16. Образуйте производные от следующих слов:

manipulate, compress, move.

Упражнение 17. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.

исследовать — exploration, explorer, to explore;

точно — exactness, exactly, exact, exaction;

погруженный — submergence, submerge, submerged, submersion;

направлять — navigate, navigable, navigation;

стойкий — resistance, to resist, resistant, resistor;

ширина — wide, width, widely, widen.

Упражнение 18. Найдите:

а) синонимы

to finish, to submerge, to work, craft, to build, to descend, vehicle,

to operate, rapid, fast, to construct, to complete;

б) антонимы

to lift, difficult, to complete, after, to descend, before, easy, to

start.

Упражнение 19. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные

слова; переведите предложения.

1. In а new apparatus rotors mounted on the fuselage provide

lift acting as wings when the craft is moving at high velocity. 2. The

aerostatic apparatuses of the latest design can vary its lift force.

3. The man can't lift this weight, it can be lifted only automatically.

4. When weight is lifted to a given level, it possesses potential

energy due to its position. 5. Russia possesses the world's heaviest

helicopters MI-26 which lift and transport cargoes up to 20 tons.

Упражнение 20. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения

слов before и after в функции предлога и союза.

1. There was no means of direct communication before the

telephone was invented. 2. After World War 1 dirigibles gradually

lost their significance as a means of transportation. 3. Before Newton

no one could explain why the planets moved around the sun.

4. After a French engineer invented the first self-propelled road

vehicle in 1770, many car designers wanted to make a better automobile.

5. Before each flight pilots must ask for the information

about the weather expected during the planned route. 6. The «night

vision» system enables drivers to see better after dark. 7. Before

the industrial production of materials in space can be started, it is

necessary to create special space stations. 8. Soon after Karl Marx's

arrival in England he became a daily visitor of the Reading Room

of the British Museum.

Упражнение 21. Выберите соответствующий глагол из приведенных в

скобках.

1. А young physicist can (get, get up) a prize for his work.

2. Designers tested a new engine to (find, find out) whether the ceramics

it was made of could withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °C.

3. It is difficult to (get, get up) early in winter. 4. Many specialists

are working at the problem of developing a new kind of telephone

which we (call, call for) «video phone». 5. The projects in Siberia

(call, call for) the most effective means of transporting various cargoes

over long distances. 6. Specialists wanted to (find, find out)

whether telephone communication was reliable or not. 7. Further

development (call, call for) new specialists who are able to generate

new technical ideas. 8. New generation materials which we (call,

call for) composite materials will allow to lighten the aircraft.

9. To translate this text, we must (find, find out) some words in a

dictionary.

Упражнение 22. Укажите предложения, где выделенное слово имеет следующее

значение:

— действуя

1. They should know in what direction this force is acting.

2. Acting upon the body the force changes. 3. They should find the

force, acting upon the body.

— имеет дело, рассматривает

1. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with the

transformation of heat into work. 2. The experience of France dealing

with environmental problems is very important. 3. Now Russia

is dealing very seriously with the problem of Baikal protection.

— используя

1. Using thermomagnetic alloys in the turbine rotor allows to

develop a lot of various sensors. 2. By using thermomagnetic alloys

it is possible to develop a lot of various sensors. 3. Many American

companies began using submersibles for tourism.

— совершенствование

1. Construction specialists are working at improving the design

of metro escalators. 2. While improving the design of metro escalators

specialists developed a two speed escalator. 3. Our design bureau

has developed spiral escalators improving the construction of

public buildings.

— превышающий

1. A car exceeding its speed, the indicators show it on the display.

2. Exceeding the speed limit the driver should be very attentive.

3. There are relatively few cargoes exceeding 400 tons.

Упражнение 23. A. Прочитайте текст без словаря.

Three Stonecutters

Three stonecutters (каменотес) were working hard. A man who

was passing by watched them for a few minutes and then, turning to

the first stonecutter, he asked: «What are you doing, my friend?» «I

am working like a slave (раб). Look at my hands. Did you think I

was playing?», he replied. The passer-by then looked at the second

workman. «And what are you doing?», he asked. The stone-cutter

answered quickly, «I am earning seven dollars and fifty cents a day.

I hope to receive at least nine dollars a day in a very near future.»

The visitor studied the face of the third stonecutter. Once more, he

asked, «And what are you doing, my friend?» The stonecutter's

face lighted up as he replied, «I am helping to erect a magnificent

building. Look at the colour in this piece of marble. I was just

thinking how beautiful it will be when it is thoroughly polished.

This building will last for hundreds of years and its beauty will inspire

everyone who sees it.»

в. Составьте предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста А.

1. The first stonecutter was the 1. he saw beauty and joy in his

unhappiest of the three because work.

2. The second one was happier 2. he thought that all work was

than the first stonecutter because hard and dull.

3. The third stonecutter was the 3. he thought that honest work

happiest of the three because brings advancement.

Упражнение 24. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

drawn, grew, feeling, wake up, drank, cutting, sink.

Упражнение 25. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.

Deep Trouble

An experimental undersea telephone cable in the Canary Islands

had to be lifted from the ocean floor three times because of

breakage. Each time sharks' (акула) teeth were found in the damaged

cable. Though the cable contains optical fibres transmitting

signals in the form of light, it carries a very small amount of electrical

wires. It is known that electricity attracts sharks. Therefore, ordinary

electric power cables are usually provided with some kind of

protection to stop their being attacked by sharks. However, it was

not expected that it was necessary to mount this expensive protection

on the new cable. But provided the designers had used this

conventional protection on the new cable, the sharks would not

have approached it.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What apparatuses are used for exploring the ocean depths

at present? (non-military submersibles) 2. What countries are developing

such submersibles? (Russia, the USA, France and Japan)

3. What kind of submersible is being designed? (an advanced

manned submersible) 4. What is the depth it is capable to submerge

to? (21,000 feet) 5. What motor is used in it? (a battery-operated

electric motor) 6. What devices are provided for collecting samples

from the ocean floor? (robotic manipulators) 7. What is the practical

application of the submersible? (cultivating sea plants, fish and

pearls)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. A new one-passenger submer- 1. an underwater helicopter,

sible is designed for performing

2. This submersible is a spherical 2. to the depth of 3,300 feet,

transparent plastic apparatus

3. It looks like 3. this apparatus will move like a

sports car.

4. It can move in water environ- 4. its sensory manipulator with

ment miniature video cameras and microphones.

5. While exploring the ocean floor 5. accurate scientific explorations.

6. The apparatus is capable to 6. due to the use of rotor instead

descend of conventional propeller.

7. A special feature of this man- 7. mounted on a metal platform,

ned submersible is

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

Hiking in the Mountains

Mike: My steps become lighter because I hear the music of running

water. Let's stand and look at the stream.

Jane: Why only look? Vm thirsty (хочу пить) and nothing tastes so

good as cool mountain water.

M.: But passing the same water through the pores of the skin does

the body fifteen times as much good as it does when you drink

it. Put your hands and arms into the deepest place and keep

them for a while and you'll feel so wonderful.

J.: I can't stop drinking. Look at the clear, smooth surface of the

stream. Water is beautiful.

M.: And perhaps, the most beautiful thing about it is its use. It

helps all living things in one way or another.

J.: I know that my own body is eighty-five per cent water.

M.: Yes, and this water keeps you going in spite of the weather.

J.: How does it do this?

M.: By circulation it keeps your body at the same temperature all

the time.

J.: I've read that water has the most interesting properties of all

liquids. It is the slowest to cool and the slowest to heat.

M.: In winter the water in your body keeps you warm by circulating

evenly to all parts. In the heat of summer it passes off

through the million of pores of your skin. This keeps you cool

and takes away toxic material at the same time.

J.: I think the great supply of water in the body is one of the nature's

great provisions.

M.: Sure, especially taking into consideration (принимать во

внимание) that the human being can live only within the narrow

range (диапазон) in body temperature of a very few degrees

Fahrenheit. Have you had enough water?

J.: Yes, I have. Usually I drink at least six glassfuls of water daily.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

1. An advanced manned submersible.

2. Practical applications of manned submersibles.

Use exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your

topic: to realize a dream, underwater exploration, to penetrate, a submersible vehicle,

to descend to a depth up to, to perform tasks, collecting samples of minerals

and marine life, to work for nine hours, to join efforts.

Exercise 5. Comment on the following statement.

Scientists cannot afford (позволить себе) to be interested in

things not connected with their subject.

One point of view: There is no alternative to narrow (узкий) specialization, everybody

has a limited amount of time, it is unrealistic to expect a scientist to be interested

in other fields than his own, a person who is interested in many things is

sure to become a dilettante.

A contrary point of view: It is impossible to understand a particular science in

complete isolation, the scientist should not be treated as a machine for solving specialized

problems, a narrow specialist may tend to become a narrow -minded person,

really great scientists have always had wide interests.

What do you think about it? Why?

Exercise 6. A. Read and say what you think about tea and what it does for you.

Tea

The English know how to make tea and what it does for you.

Seven cups of it wake you up in the morning; nine cups will put you

to sleep at night.

If you are hot, tea will cool you off, and if you are cold, it will

warm you up.

If you take it in the middle of the morning, it will stimulate you

for further work; if you drink it in the afternoon, it will relax you

for further thought. Then, of course, you drink lots of it in off hours

(свободное время).

The test of good tea is simple. If a spoon stands in it, then it is

strong enough.

в. Use the following phrases.

1. If you ask me, tea...

2. If you want my opinion, tea...

3. I entirely / quite agree with the idea that...

4. That's exactly my opinion / that's exactly what I feel...

5. I don't like tea because...

Exercise 7. Read and smile.

A Fable from Aesop ['i:sop]

While sitting together one time, a group of animals was discussing

the popularity of the elephant. They all agreed that the elephant

was the most popular animal in the forest, but none of them could

give a satisfactory explanation of this fact. Yet they all had certain

comments to offer.

The giraffe [dsiYoif] said, «If the elephant had a long neck like

mine, then it would be easy to understand his popularity. He would

be the tallest animal in the forest».

The peacock (павлин) said, «If he possessed my beautiful tail,

it would be easy to understand. He would be the most beautiful

creature in the forest».

The rabbit said, «If he could run as fast as I, it would be easy to

understand. He would be the fastest animal in the forest».

The bear said, «If he was as strong as I, it would be easy to understand.

He would be the strongest animal in the forest».

Suddenly the elephant himself appeared. He was larger and

stronger than any of the other animals, and he was also superior in

many ways. But he was always quiet and modest about his many

accomplishments. This, after all, was the real explanation for his

popularity.

An American lady got into a smoking carriage (вагон) where an

Englishman was smoking a pipe.

She began doing everything to show him she objected to his

smoking. At last, seeing that the man paid no attention, she said,

«If you were a gentleman, you would stop smoking when a lady got

into the carriage».

«If you were a lady», replied the Englishman, «you would not

get into a smoking carriage».

«If you were my husband», said the American lady angrily, «I

would give you poison (яд)».

«Well,» said the Englishman at last, «if I were your husband, I

would take it».

Text 9В

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