Переведите. Прочитайте текст и найдите абзацы, где говорится о применении лазеров

Прочитайте текст и найдите абзацы, где говорится о применении лазеров.

Laser

In the «War of Worlds» written before the turn of the last century

H. Wells told a fantastic story of how Martians almost invaded

our Earth. Their weapon was a mysterious «sword of heat». Today

Wells' sword of heat has come to reality in the laser. The name

stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

Laser, one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, produces

an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. It represents

the fulfilment of one of the mankind's oldest dreams of

technology to provide ^ a light beam intensive enough to vaporize

the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It can indeed make

lead run like water, or, when focused, it can vaporize any substance

on the earth. There is no material unamenable^ to laser treatment

and laser will become one of the main technological tools quite

soon.

The applications of laser in industry and science are so many

and so varied as to suggest magic^. Scientists in many countries are

working at a very interesting problem: combining the two big technological

discoveries of the second half of the 20th century — laser

and thermonuclear reaction — to produce a practically limitless

source of energy. Physicists of this country have developed large laser

installations to conduct physical experiments in heating thermonuclear

fuel with laser beams. There also exists an idea to use

laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction.

The laser beam must heat the fuel to the required temperature so

quickly that the plasma does not have time to disintegrate. According

to current estimates, the duration of the pulse has to be approximately

a billionth of a second. The light capacity of this pulse

would be dozens of times greater than the capacity of all the

world's power plants. To meet such demands in practice, scientists

and engineers must work hard as it is clear that a lot of difficulties

are to be encountered on route^.

The laser's most important potential may be its use in communications.

The intensity of a laser can be rapidly changed to encode

very complex signals. In principle, one laser beam, vibrating a billion

times faster than ordinary radio waves, could carry the radio,

TV and telephone messages of the world simultaneously. In just a

fraction of a second, for example, one laser beam could transmit

the entire text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance communication

and for transmission of energy to space stations, to the

surface of the Moon or to planets in the Solar system. Projects have

also been suggested to place lasers aboard Earth satellites nearer to

the Sun in order to transform the solar radiation into laser beams,

with this transformed energy subsequently transmitted to the Earth

or to other space bodies. These projects have not yet been put into

effect^, because of the great technological difficulties to be overcome

and, therefore, the great cost involved. But there is no doubt

that in time^ these projects will be realized and the laser beam will

begin operating in outer space as well.

Notes to the Text

1. to provide — получать

2. unamenable — неподдающийся

3. as to suggest magic — можно принять за чудо

4. on route — на пути

5. put into effect — осуществлять

6. in time — со временем

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 8. Просмотрите текст 10А и ответьте на вопросы.

What is this text about? 2. What does the word «laser» mean?

3. What is the laser, is it a device or some phenomenon? 4. Who

was the first to write about lasers? 5. What writer from this country

wrote a book about a laser? 6. What can a laser do? 7. Where can it

be used? 8. What other uses do you know?

Упражнение 9. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию

текста 10А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.

1. Laser means «light amplification by stimulated emission of

radiation». 2. Laser produces an intensive beam of light. 3. In the

next few years laser will become one of the main technological

tools. 4, Martians almost invaded the Earth before the turn of the

last century. 5. Laser and thermonuclear reaction can produce a

limited source of energy. 6. The laser beam heats the fuel so quickly

that the plasma disintegrates. 7. There are projects to transform lu-

nar radiation into beams. 8. The laser beam will begin operating in

outer space.

Упражнение 10. Найдите в тексте lOA инфинитивы в функции части сказуемого

и обстоятельства цели (см. 3-й и 5-й абзацы).

Упражнение 11. Найдите предложения с инфинитивом в функции определения

и дополнения, переведите.

1. То design, construct and operate a laser system is a great

technological achievement. 2. To protect the water resources, forests

and atmosphere, several laws were passed in Russia in the 1970s.

3. A very interesting problem is to produce a practically limitless

source of energy. 4. There are projects to use lasers for long distance

communication. 5. Automation makes it possible to obtain

and develop new sources of energy. 6. To combine laser and thermonuclear

reaction is a very interesting problem for the scientists

in many countries. 7. To conduct physical experiments with laser

beams, Russian physicists have developed large laser installations.

8. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to

protect big cities from pollution. 9. Lasers to be placed on Earth

satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams. 10. A special

design bureau in St. Petersburg was the first in the world to develop

production of superlong escalators. 11. To put some projects

with lasers in operation, great technological difficulties must be

overcome. 12. One of the ways to make planes as economical as

possible is to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials.

13. Signals to be measured must be strong enough.

Упражнение 12. Определите, чем выражено определение, переведите.

1. The new system developed increased the safety and efficiency

of a car. 2. The laser's most important potential use may be

its long distance communication applications. 3. Provided the

problems of using laser for controlled thermonuclear reaction were

solved, the capacity of the pulse received would be much greater

than that of all the world's power plants. 4. All a pilot needs to do is

to tune to radio transmitters and he will get direction signals he

needs. 5. One of the problems scientists are working at is to transmit

energy to space stations by using lasers. 6. Laser provides a light

beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant

materials. 7. A hypersonic aircraft will require complicated

cooling measures because of the extreme temperatures involved.

8. A new electronic device to be installed in the car's panel will cal-

culate how far one can drive on the fuel left. 9. The hardest materials

a laser beam is aimed at vaporize within a fraction of a second.

10. Aircraft designers are interested in all kinds of new materials

that are strong enough to be used for high-speed airliners.

11. Noise and vibration are also the problems to be faced by designers

of hypersonic crafts. 12. Besides, there is one more problem to

be studied — that of surface cooling. 13. The ordinary aircraft windows

would make the future superliner structure too weak to withstand

great stresses developed. 14. Every student of Cambridge is to

go to his tutor once a week to discuss with him the work done.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 13. Определите части речи по суффиксам и префиксам.

encode, capacity, disintegrate, emission, widen, intensive, incredible,

defence, stranger, reality, strengthen, fulfilment, indestructible,

amplification, substance, entirely, vaporize.

Упражнение 14. Назовите производные от следующих слов, переведите.

limit, transmit, approximate, success, science, relate.

Упражнение 15. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.

устанавливать — installment, installation, install;

различие, разница — differ, difference, different;

распадаться — disintegrator, disintegration, disintegrate;

применимый — application, applicable, apply;

укреплять — strong, strength, strengthen;

эффективно — efficient, efficiency, efficiently;

усилитель — amplification, amplifier, amplify.

Упражнение 16. Найдите:

а) синонимы

rapidly, sophisticated, to conduct, demand, almost, quickly, to

carry out, approximately, opportunity, requirement, also, use, to

fulfill, complex, as well, to realize, application, possibility;

б) антонимы

further, integrate, cooling, outside, powerless, uncontrolled,

limited, disintegrate, nearer, capable, limitless, controlled, incapable,

powerful, heating, inside.

Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многозначность

слов make и iight.

What makes а soap bubble (мыльный пузырь) rise and fall. If a

soap bubble does not break at once, it will begin to fall. Why? To

explain this, we must remember a balloon which is filled with hot

air. It rises for some time and then it falls again. A balloon rises because

the hot air inside it is lighter than the air round it, and as it is

lighter, it must rise. When the air inside a balloon cools, the weight

of the balloon itself makes it fall. A soap bubble is really a little balloon

filled with hot air. This air is much lighter than the air outside.

It can carry the weight of the water which makes the skin of the

soap bubble. But this cannot last for a long time, because the skin

of the soap bubble is very thin. The bubble becomes as cool as the

air around it and it begins to fall. It is interesting to know that the

early experiments with balloons were based on soap bubbles.

Упражнение 18. Переведите.

There is a large garage on Seventh Street that provides work for

eleven men. There is one man who meets the customers. There are

two other men who take care of batteries. There is another man

who washes cars. There are three other men who sell gas and oil.

There is another man who repairs timers. There are two men who

work with engines and there is one man who sells tires. There is no

better place for automobile service.

Упражнение 19. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола

to be.

I... now in the garage on Seventh Street. There... three cars

here. One... a Ford. There... a man in it. He... buying a tire. One

car... a Buick. There... five people in it. There... a third car. A

man and his wife... in it. Their battery... dead. The two battery

men... looking at it. «I... sure you will have to rent a battery», one

man says. «We... a long way from home», the man in the car answers.

«We.... not here often. We must buy a battery. There...

nothing else to do».

Упражнение 20. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

chosen, fed, costing, put, overcome, coming, made.

Упражнение 21. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.

То understand why light from the laser is so concentrated, you

must know that light travels in waves. Ordinary white light is made

up of many wavelengths travelling in every direction. Laser light is

essentially of one wavelength, with all the waves moving in one direction.

Because the laser wavelengths intensify each other, they

can remain in an unbelievably straight beam for a long distance. Almost

any substance can be forced to «lase» if you work hard enough

with it. Gas lasers give off continuous beams of light. Tiny semiconductor

lasers may be especially useful in computers for transmitting

signals to replace the use of cables. Many lasers can give off

invisible radiation, either infrared or ultraviolet.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is a laser? (a device producing an intensive beam of

light) 2. What is its principle of operation? (light amplification by

stimulated emission of radiation) 3. What light is produced by a laser?

(light of pure single colour) 4. What can be done by means of a

laser? (vaporizing the hardest materials) 5. What materials can be

treated with a laser? (practically any material and any substance)

6. What is the most promising use of lasers? (the use in all kinds of

communication) 7. What prevents putting into effect the projects

to use lasers more widely in space? (great technological difficulties

and great cost involved)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. A laser can find 1. must heat the fuel to the required

temperature very quickly.

2. It is very interesting to com- 2. very wide application,

bine

3. There is an idea 3. hard to overcome numerous

technological difficulties.

4. In this case a laser beam 4. is not an easy task.

5. The light capacity in a laser in- 5. to use a laser for solving the

stallation should be dozens of problem of controlled thermonutimes

greater clear reaction.

6. To develop such a laser system 6. laser and thermonuclear reacin

practice tion to produce a Hmitless source

of energy.

7. Scientists and engineers must 7. than the capacity of all the

work world's power plants.

Exercise 3. A. Read and learn.

I Want to Read Faster

Mary: I've read a detective story. It wasn't very good so I wasted

(тратить, терять время) much time.

Jane: Oh, it takes me now not more than an hour to read a novel.

M.: Really?

J.: Two months ago it would have taken me about two days. It is

a pity you didn't join me when I was taking speed-reading

course.

M.: Two things hold me back. Doubts that any system could radically

and permanently increase my speed. And money for the

courses.

J.: But I thought that if I could double my speed, the sum wouldn't

be so much.

M.: Sure, you are right. By the way, some authorities say it isn't

reading. Though a lot of unread newspapers, books and magazines

about the house might fall on me. My present work day

reading is 200 words per minute, it is very slow. How are those

speed reading courses?

J.: Great, today 50,000 students a year take these courses.

M.: How long does this course last?

J.: Eight weeks, a 2,5 hour session a week plus an hour a day drill.

M.: What is your speed now?

J.: The final test showed that my speed was 1520 w.p.m. The

book was the same we have used for our entrance exam.

M.: But you can lose the technique.

J.: It is another question. The only wide survey (опрос) of

ex-students — 1800 of them — showed that after a year one

third of the people weren't using the method at all. Another

third said they use it sometimes and that probably they have

kept speed. But the rest of the students said they were reading

faster than a year later.

B. Answer the following questions:

1. Are you a fast or a slow reader?

2. In what situations can fast reading be useful in your opinion?

3. Would you like to improve your reading speed? Why?

4. Can all books be read quickly? Why (not)?

Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement.

Every student ought to be able to read very fast.

One point of view: Reading requires thought; one needs time for thinking, reading

ought to be a kind of dialogue with the author — this requires time; quaUty is more important

than quantity.

А contrary point of view: Fast reading does not mean careless reading, nothing is

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