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An Encyclopedia on а Tiny Crystal

Scientists have discovered that a laser beam can be effectively

used to record alphanumeric data and sound on crystals. According

to Russian researchers a method for recording information on crystals

by means of a laser has already been developed, but advanced

technologies are needed to make it commercially applicable.

At present researchers are looking for the most suitable chemical

compounds to be used as data storages and trying to determine

optimum recording conditions. Theoretically, the entire «Great

Soviet Encyclopedia» can be recorded on a single tiny crystal.

As far back as 1845, Michael Faradey discovered that a light

beam reverses its polarization as it passes through a magnetized

crystal. Scientists of our day have used this phenomenon to identify

crystalline materials capable of storing information. Lasers have

been successfully employed to record information on and read it off.

No ideal data storage crystal has yet been found, but it is obvious

now that the future of computer engineering lies in lasers and

optoelectronics.

Text lOD

тесному международному сотрудничеству. Почему такое сотрудничество необходимо?

Science and International Cooperation

One of the most striking features of modern science is the increasing

tendency towards closer cooperation between scientists

and scientific organizations (institutions) all over the world. In

fact, it is becoming more and more evident that many of the problems

that affect the world today cannot be solved without joining

scientific efforts and material resources on a world-wide scale. The

exploration of space, world finance, global environment protection

problems and the development of new sources of power are the examples

of areas of scientific research which are so costly and complicated

that it is difficult for a single country to solve them

efficiently and in a short period of time. The renewal of international

scientific cooperation was demonstrated in the sharing of

data which were obtained by Russian, Japanese and European

space probes in 1986 on Halley's comet.

Many countries were successfully cooperating on a programme

called Intercosmos in launching a large number of vertical geophysical

rockets and satellites. Space exploration programmes were

being conducted between Russia and Austria, India, France, Sweden

and other countries. Joint manned flights by Russian and foreign

cosmonauts included citizens from numerous countries. Many

international crews have worked on orbit and carried out a lot of

scientific experiments.

Russian and the U.S. engineers are now working side by side on

the International Space Station, the largest peacetime engineering

project in history.

Launched from opposite sides of the world, the first International

Space Station components Zarya and Unity have begun a

new era of exploration as 16 nations joined their scientific and

technological resources in the first truly international space program

to improve life on Earth. Even before its launch, the International

Space Station has opened new spheres of research on Earth

by overcoming barriers of language, culture and technological differences

worldwide.

Indeed, it represents unprecedented (беспрецедентный, беспримерный)

global cooperation and trust. There is no doubt that it

is the first step towards a unified «planetary civilization» that will

explore space as citizens of Earth, not of individual nations.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. A. Прочитайте словосочетания из текста 10А и постарайтесь

понять значения выделенных слов.

1. time to disintegrate

2. the duration of the pulse

3. to be encountered

4. in just a fraction of a second

в. Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову соответствующее ему по

значению.

a. to meet unexpectedly

b. only, merely

c. break up into small parts

d. time during which smth lasts or exists

Упражнение 2. A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значение словосочетания

off-the-shelf item. Дайте определение или объяснение этому термину.

Laser Propulsion

Another approach is to absorb laser light in a plasma «flame»

sustained by laser light focused in the center of a flowing stream of

propellant gas. Thrust levels as high as 10,000 N with a specific impulse

(удельный импульс) of 1,000 sec appear achievable using

hydrogen as the propellant gas. Laser power as low as 1 MW would

be useful for low Earth orbit launching without relay optics.

10-100 MW lasers can launch small payloads from the ground. With

up to 100 launches a day, a 20 MW launcher weighing 20 kg could

place several hundred tons in orbit per year. Low-gigawatt lasers

could launch multi-ton spacecraft with the same ease that present

multi-gigawatt chemical rockets do. Laser rockets will have much

better payload fraction since the heavy power plant is left on the

ground and the higher specific impulse results in lower propellant

fraction. Although gigawatt lasers are not off-the-shelf items, there

is no doubt they could be built if the need were strong enough.

B. Выберите соответствующие контексту A значения выделенных слов.

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