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New Норе for Energy

Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be superconductors.

Superconducting ceramics are substances which can

transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperatures

much higher than conventional superconductors (that is, at the

temperature of liquid nitrogen).

One use for the new superconductors would be to replace those

that need the extreme cold of liquid helium — huge superconducting

electromagnets used in nuclear magnetic resonance research,

atomic particle acceleration and research reactors.

Other types of electromagnets made with superconductors

could be used to lower the cost of electric generation and storage.

Such uses may take 10 years of research, a quicker use will probably

be in electronics.

Researchers now estimate that tiny but immensely powerful

highspeed computers using superconductors may be three to five

years away. Further off are 300 m.p.h. trains that float on magnetic

cushions which now exist as prototypes but may take at least a decade

to perfect. Power lines that can meet a city's electric needs

with superconductor cables may be even further in the future.

Meanwhile, scientists around the world are trying to turn the

new materials into useful products. Among the most notable is a

micron-thin film to transmit useful amounts of electric current

without losing superconductivity. The film could be used in the microscopic

circuitry of advanced computers as high-speed pathway

(маршрут, соединение) between computer chips.

Several nations are known to be very active in superconductor

research. For example, the United States is spending millions of

dollars on such research, much of it for military uses: projectile accelerators,

lasers, ship and submarine propulsion.

Text IID

Институте.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT is an independent university located in Boston area. It was

founded in 1861 by William Barton Rogers, a distinguished natural

scientist, who believed professional competence to be best fostered

(воспитывать) by the combining of teaching, research, and the application

of knowledge to real-world problems. MIT held its first

classes in 1865 after having delayed opening because of the Civil

War. There were approximately 15 students enroled at that time.

Today MIT has about 9,700 students, a faculty (профессорско-

преподавательский состав) of approximately 1,000 and several

thousand research staff. The total teaching staff numbers more

that 1,800. The institute is broadly organized into five academic

Schools — Architecture and Planning, Engineering, Humanities

and Social Science, Management and Science — and a large number

of interdisciplinary programs, laboratories, and centers, including

the Whitaker College of Health Science, Technology and

Management. A unique feature of MIT is that undergraduates join

with graduate students, faculty, and staff to work on research projects

throughout the institute.

Most academic activities take place in a group of interconnected

buildings designed to permit easy communication among

the Schools and their 22 departments. Across the street from this

set of buildings there are athletic fields, the student center, and

many of the dormitories.

The main puфose of the academic program at MIT is to give

students a sound command (прочное усвоение) of basic principles,

the habit of continued learning and the confidence that comes from

a thorough and systematic approach to learning. This results in

continued professional and personal growth, especially in today's

rapidly changing world.

The two essential parts of all MIT educational programs are

teaching and research. Both of these activities carried on together

have greater potential than either performed alone. They provide

experience in theory and experiment for both students and teaching

staff.

Each student pursues a degree (стремиться получить степень)

in one of the departments.. Undergraduate courses at MIT lead to

the degree of Bachelor of Science (S.B.). The academic programs

require four years of full-time study for the Bachelor of Science. Degrees

are awarded on the basis of satisfactory completion of general

institute and departmental requirements (общеинститутские и кафедральные

требования) in each program.

There is enough flexibility (гибкость), however, to allow each

student, in collaboration with the adviser, to develop an individual

program in accordance with his or her own interests and preparation.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Упражнение 1. A. Прочитайте словосочетания из текста НА и постарайтесь

понять значения выделенных слов.

1. the threshold of а new technological age

2. who was awarded the Noble Prize

3. which won for them the Noble Prize

4. their quality is often uneven

B. Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову соответствующее ему по

значению.

a. give or grant (by official decision)

b. irregular, changing

с start, beginning

d. get by means of hard work or struggle as a result of competition

Упражнение 2. A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значения терминов

memory cells, windings, coils.

The practical applications of superconductivity are limited because

of the very low temperatures required. Some materials, for

example lead, become almost perfect conductors at very low temperatures

at the absolute zero (-273 °C). However, a number of

uses have been proposed.

If a current is induced by a magnetic field in a ring of superconducting

material, it will continue to circulate when the magnetic

field is removed. In theory this could be made use of in the memory

cells of computers. Memory cells made of superconducting material

could store information indefinitely. Because of the zero resistivity

of the cells, the information could be retrieved quickly, as fast

as 10"^ seconds.

90 per cent of the total losses in modern transformers is due to

the resistance of the windings. Transformers could be made with

windings cooled to the low temperature at which superconductivity

occurs. The resistance would be zero and the transformer would be

almost ideal. Similarly, a 100 % efficient electric motor has been

proposed using the magnetic field of superconducting coils.

B. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее из колонки В.

А

1. induce

2. remove

3. indefinitely

4. memory cell

5. retrieve

6. winding

7. coil

В

a. find, get back

b. unlimitedly

с spiral

d. length of wire wound in a spiral

to conduct electric current

e. bring about

f take off, away

g. the unit of computer which

stores data for future use

С Найдите в тексте, приведенном в А, три пары синонимов.

D. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Verb

г

define

apply

present

t

i

Noun

etrieval

>elief

ntroduction

Adjective

removable

resistant

conductive

explanatory

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски словами conduct, superconductivity,

superconductor, superconductive.

1.... at high temperatures was almost discovered in 1979. 2. The

Russian scientists found an oxide of metal they were experimenting

with to... electric current. Moreover, the lower the temperature,

the less resistance the material had. 3. The resistance continued to

fall in liquefied nitrogen. To continue the experiments, they

needed liquid helium. To obtain it was quite a problem at that time.

So the experiments were stopped. 4. But it was this compound of

copper, lanthanum and oxygen that proved to be a... for which the

Swiss physicists were honoured with a Noble Prize in 1987. 5. Later

neither efforts nor money were spared (жалеть, экономить) for

the study of the... materials. Moreover, there were no longer any

problems with helium.

Упражнение 4. A. Назовите 15-20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на

тему:

«Superconductivity research».

в. Speak about:

Latest achievements in conductivity research.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27