V. Writing

IV. SPEAKING

Упражнение 1. Сравните высшее образование в Великобритании и России по плану.

1) types of higher educational establishments

2) enrolment requirements

3) characteristic feature of teaching process

4) academic year

5) length of courses

6) degrees

7) grants

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте данное ниже письмо и ответьте на вопросы.

1 Why is Alberto writing this letter?

2 What three things does he want to know?

3 What kind of letter is it (informal/formal)?

Упражнение 2. Назовите основные компоненты письма. Обратите внимание на расположение адреса отправителя и получателя.

Упражнение 3. Посмотрите на фразы, данные ниже. К какой части письма они могут относиться?

1 I recently saw your advertisement in The Times.

2 Could you tell me how long the course lasts?

3 I'd like to know more about the job.

4 I'd be grateful if you could send me some information about your courses.

5 Could you send me a brochure about the courses your college offers?

Упражнение 4. Расположите части делового письма в правильном порядке.

1)	Dear Mr Sawyer,
2)	6 Pine Estate, Bedford Road, Bristol, UB28 12BP Telephone [phone] Fax [phone] August 2005
3)	Thank you for your letter. I am afraid that we have a problem with your order. Unfortunately, the manufacturers of the part you wish to order have advised us that they cannot supply it until November. Would you prefer us to supply a substitute, or would you rather wait until the original parts are again available?
4)	James Sawyer, Sales Manager, Electro Ltd, Perry Road Estate, Oxbridge UN54 42KF.
5)	I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Simon Tramp Sales Manager

Упражнение 5. Посмотрите на рекламное объявление, данные ниже. Напишите официальное письмо в университет с целью получения дополнительной информации.

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ СТУДЕНТОВ

При выполнении контрольных работ рекомендуется ознакомиться с грамматическим справочником, расположенным в конце пособия, а также рекомендуемыми учебными пособиями.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу №1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Артикли, их значение и употребление, отсутствие артикля.

2. Имя существительное. Образование множественного числа. Притяжательный падеж существительного. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык. Существительные исчисляемые и неисчисляемые.

3. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Сравнительные конструкции типа as...as..., not so...as..., much more interesting, twice large as..., the more...the less.

8. Наречия. Наречия неопределенного времени (usually, sometimes, etc.) и их место в предложении. Наречия many / much, a lot of; a little / a few, some, little / few и их употребление.

9. Глагол. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времен группы Indefinite/Simple действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past, Future Indefinite. Речевой оборот there is/are во временах Present, Past, Future Indefinite.

10. Простое распространенное предложение. Прямой порядок слов повествовательного предложения, обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Пять типов вопросительных предложений: общий вопрос, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный, вопрос к подлежащему. Структура отрицательного предложения.

11. Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия. Выражение будущего времени в придаточных предложениях времени и условия.

ВАРИАНТ 1

Задание 1. Употребите в данных предложениях артикль (определенный, неопределенный, нулевой). Переведите предложения.

1. Yesterday I found ____ wallet in the street.

2. Look out of _____ window! What is going on outside?

3. _____ water is necessary for our life.

4. Who is _____ journalist among you?

5. _____Europe and _____ Asia make one continent.

6. _____ United Kingdom includes _____ Great Britain and ______ Northern Ireland.

Задание 2. Употребите существительное, данное в скобках во множественном числе. Переведите предложения.

1. What do you need these _____ (box) for?

2. _____ (child) are flowers of life.

3. We study different interesting _______ (phenomenon) at _______ (lecture) on physics.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. This instrument is a key tool of the atomic age and is used for studying radioactivity.

2. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to automatic control.

3. Joint efforts of people throughout the world make it possible to achieve some progress in environment protection.

Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The teacher points at the blackboard when he wants to explain something.

2. Computers and lasers are widely used at plants and factories.

3. Great changes in people’s lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress.

4. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The Americans say that in the USA the buildings are taller, the cigars are longer, the cars are bigger and the girls are prettier than anywhere in the world.

2. If you make half-hour breaks while getting ready for your exams your brain will work much more efficiently.

3. The sooner you take your medicine the better you will feel.

4. This room is not so comfortable as that one on the first floor.

Задание 6. Употребите прилагательное в скобках в правильной форме. Переведите предложения.

1. The traffic is _____ (heavy) downtown than on this road, especially during rush hours.

2. Tim is not at all talkative; he always keeps his thoughts to himself. He is _____ (reserved) guy I’ve ever met.

3. The problem was _____ (serious) than we expected.

4. Henry is not _____ (tall) as his elder brother Bob.

5. I earn _____ (little) money than he does.

Задание 7. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. It was difficult to translate the text without a dictionary.

2. They had no lectures last week.

3. During the course of study our students will carry out their practical work in well-equipped laboratories.

4. At higher schools specialization generally begins in the third year.

Задание 8. Употребите глагол в скобках в правильной форме. Обратите внимание на порядок слов. Переведите предложения.

1. Mrs. Clay usually finishes her work at half past three, but she ______ (to finish) it later yesterday afternoon.

2. ____ Jane Smith ____ English? (to speak)

3. They can’t go out because they _____ rain-coats and umbrellas. (not / to have)

4. _____ Diana _____ to the party tomorrow? (to come)

5. If I _______ (to see) him tomorrow, I ______ (to speak) to him.

Задание 9. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America, commonly called the United States or simply America, is a federal republic comprising 50 states and the District of Columbia. The total area is 9.4 mln. sq. km. The United States today hold the leading position in the world. The USA is situated in the southern part of North America and is washed by the Atlantic ocean in the east and the Pacific ocean in the west. The Atlantic Ocean is of great importance to the USA for its sea communications with Europe, Africa and South America. The largest ports are on the Atlantic Coast.

The Americans are really a nation of nations, and the USA is the country where all principal languages are spoken. The United States of America is a federation of states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial, and these three branches are represented respectively by Congress, the President and the Supreme Court. In other words, all legislative powers are vested in a Congress of the United States, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The executive power is vested in a President, who holds office for 4 years.

The USA has large reserves of all the more widely used minerals except tin. The country produces enough of some minerals to meet all its own needs and to ship to other countries as well. The American West occupies 40 per cent of US territory and has 17 per cent of the population, produces 14 per cent of crude oil, and 10 per cent of natural gas. It ranks first in the production of uranium, nickel, copper and molybdenum ores. Half of working population of the USA is employed in the sphere of industry and half in services. Dining halls, cafeterias, restaurants and other units offer daily 160 mln dishes or 20 per cent of all the food produced in the USA. Agriculture is one of the most important fields of economy tightly bound with industry, trade and the services within the framework of the agro-industrial complex.

At present the Union comprises 50 states administratively united by the Federal Government in Washington. Its only industry is a government. As the nation’s capital and a seat of the Federal Government, it is the heart of the country.

Задание 10. Составьте 5 вопросов разного типа по содержанию текста.

ВАРИАНТ 2

Задание 1. Употребите в данных предложениях артикль (определенный, неопределенный, нулевой). Переведите предложения.

1. What is ____ longest river in the world?

2. ____ apple a day keeps the doctor away. (Proverb)

3. We usually have _____dinner at 6 pm.

4. What is _____ first month of the year?

5. Christmas is celebrated on ____ 25^th of ______ January.

6. To travel from _____ Europe to _____ America we have to cross _____ Atlantic.

Задание 2. Употребите существительное, данное в скобках во множественном числе. Переведите предложения.

1. Higher education in Russia is provided by different _____ (type) of higher educational ________ (institution).

2. I clean my _____ (tooth) twice a day.

3. Those were the happiest days of our _____ (life).

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. This research instrument is used for accelerating particles.

2. The space flight of Gagarin caused a sensation throughout the world.

3. A Japanese company is planning to install several more electronic devices on the car instrument panel.

Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s-, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. He spends all his money on books.

2. Our professor’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular.

3. The important feature of our education is that it combines theory with practical training.

4. Before Faraday’s inventions the only source of electricity was the galvanic battery.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. You should practice more often if you want to improve your language.

2. This exercise is easier than the next one.

3. The most environmentally-friendly way of solving traffic problems is to use more widely public transportation.

4. The more attention you pay to your children’s education, the better results they achieve.

Задание 6. Употребите прилагательное в скобках в правильной форме. Переведите предложения.

1. I have never liked studying Chemistry; it is _____ (interesting) subject for me.

2. This room is not so _____ (comfortable) as that one on the first floor.

3. I met my ______ (good) friend yesterday.

4. This is the _____ (old) theatre in London.

5. I do not get up as ______ (early) on Sunday as on weekdays.

Задание 7. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо - временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Tomorrow our teacher will give us a new task.

2. The generation of electric power increases every year.

3. Students watched the process with great attention.

4. As you know secondary education in our country is compulsory and free of charge.

Задание 8. Употребите глагол в скобках в правильной форме. Обратите внимание на порядок слов. Переведите предложения.

1. Everybody in our family _____ (to help) Mummy about the house. Dad ____ (to walk) the dog, I ____ (to water) the flowers, and my brothers ____ (to clean) the rooms.

2. Every day I help my Mom about the house, but last week I was very busy with my exam. So I ______ (not / to help) her much.

3. ____ I ________ the question? – Yes, please. (to answer)

4. What ______ the weather like yesterday? (to be)

5. If the weather ______ (to be) good at the weekend, we ______ (to go) to the country.

Задание 9. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

GREAT BRITAIN

The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The total area is about 121 600 square miles. The largest islands are Great Britain proper (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic). Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel which in its narrowest part is only 33 km wide. Britain has a generally mild and temperate climate. All over the world Britain was notorious for its fogs. The smoke-fogs of the big towns usually in winter time, were exceedingly unpleasant, unhealthy and dangerous to movement, but now the situation is much better.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy. The Monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in the United Kingdom. Queen Elisabeth II is a descendant of the Saxon king, Egbert. She acts only on the advice of her ministers. She reigns, but she does not rule. The Crown is the second biggest landowner in Britain. The Queen is the third richest woman in the world. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom. It consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. They are constituted on different principles, do different work in different places and meet only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the coronation and the opening of Parliament.

English people tend to be rather conservative - a little more so, perhaps, than most others. The conservative attitude consists of an acceptance of things which are familiar, and an important aspect of it is an inclination to be suspicious of anything that is strange or foreign. Conservatism on a national scale may be illustrated by reference to the public attitude to the monarchy. Apart from conservatism on a grand scale England is full of small-scale conservatisms: methods of cooking, the business of heating houses in which most English people remain strongly attached to the open fire.

England is highly industrialized and was the country in which the earliest developments of modern industry took place. Many of the great inventions which were the foundation of modern industrial processes are made by Englishmen or Scotsmen. The original basis of British industry was coal mining. Nearly all English people live in towns, big or small.

Задание 10. Составьте 5 вопросов разного типа по содержанию текста.

ВАРИАНТ 3

Задание 1. Употребите в данных предложениях артикль (определенный, неопределенный, нулевой). Переведите предложения.

1. I love ____ oranges.

2. There is a red pen on the table. Give me _____ pen.

3. _____ Rome was not built in _____day.

4. Don’t tell _____ lie! I can’t stand it any more!

5. _____ English language is the world’s language in politics, science and trade.

6. _____ Volga flows into _____ Caspian Sea.

Задание 2. Употребите существительное, данное в скобках во множественном числе. Переведите предложения.

1. 50 _____ (ton) of oil leaked out of the tanker into the sea.

2. _____ (mouse) in our house are so annoying. We definitely need a cat.

3. We need additional ________ (datum) for our research.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. We know he works at the problem of space communication.

2. If you make even a smallest mistake in computer language the talk breaks down and you must go to the beginning.

3. The Reading Room of the Library of Congress houses a great collection of reference books.

Задание 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s-, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. It became clear that television had a great influence on people’s life.

2. She promises to give me this novel for a couple of days as soon as she reads it.

3. Mathematics, strength of materials, mechanics, elements of machines as well as engineering physics are studied at technological institutes.

4. Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students.

Задание 5. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Buses require fewer parking lots, make less noise and use less road space per passenger than private cars.

2. The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country.

3. If you want to find your way around the city more easily you should buy the map of it.

4. She is not as easy to get on with as her sister.

Задание 6. Употребите прилагательное в скобках в правильной форме. Переведите предложения.

1. I don't know much but he knows even _____ (little) than I do.

2. I can’t walk very fast. You are younger; you can walk _____ (fast).

3. Baseball is _____ (popular) summer sport in America.

4. Is English _____ (difficult) for you than physics?

5. The situation is _____ (bad) than I thought.

Задание 7. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо - временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The use of the new equipment made it possible to minimize the number of workers.

2. Computers control nearly everything we do in the modern life.

3. We used dictionaries when we wrote a test last Monday.

4. I shall never forget this romantic story.

Задание 8. Употребите глагол в скобках в правильной форме. Обратите внимание на порядок слов. Переведите предложения.

1. It’s late. I think I _____ (to take) a taxi.

2. I ____ (not /to understand) that man when he asked me because I ____ (not / to speak) English.

3. When ______ (you / to write) to your parents last time?

4. We _____ (to be) late if we _____ (to leave) now.

5. There _____ (to be) some interesting reports at the next conference.

Задание 9. Письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

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