EXERCISES. Страдательные обороты с формальным подлежащим it

Страдательные обороты с формальным подлежащим it

Обороты, состоящие из местоимения it и глагола в страдательном залоге – it is said, it was said, it is reported, it was reported, соответствуют в русском языке глаголам в 3-м лице множественного числа с неопределенно-личным значением: говорят, говорили, сообщают и т.п. В таких оборотах it играет роль формального подлежащего и не имеет самостоятельного значения:

It is reported that the experiment has been carried out.

Сообщают, что эксперимент проведен.

В таких оборотах часто встречается сочетание модального глагола с инфинитивом страдательного залога: it can be said можно сказать, it should be mentioned следует упомянуть, it was to be expected надо было ожидать и т. п.

При наличии as со значением как перед оборотами такого типа it не употребляется: as is reported как сообщают, as was believed как полагали, as was to be expected как надо было ожидать.

В некоторых случаях опускается и глагол-связка to be:as shown in Table 3 как показано в таблице 3, as stated below как указано ниже, as mentioned above как упомянуто выше, as reported in the last issue как сообщалось в последнем номере журнала.

Сложноподчиненные предложения, в которых главное предложение выражено страдательным оборотом с it часто заменяются предложениями с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом.

It is said that he knows English well. He is said to know English well.

Говорят, что он хорошо знает английский язык.

Exercise 1.

Mark with a P those sentences which will go into the passive.

Model:

Someone will pick you up at the station.

P

1.	Almost everyone enjoyed the lecture yesterday.
2.	Many scholars have translated that famous Greek epic.
3.	Today a large number of people speak English.
4.	They left early in the morning.
5.	The noise from the trains annoyed me terribly last night.
6.	I work till 9 every other day.
7.	It’s snowing.
8.	He borrowed the money from the bank two weeks ago.
9.	She’s coughing again.

Exercise 2.

Underline all the passives.

Energy from the sun reaches the Earth as heat. Some of this heat energy is subsequently radiated into space, while some of it is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and reflected back to Earth. This is a natural process, but in recent decades, human activities have led to an increase in the amount of gases in the atmosphere which is now trapping too much heat.

One of the main greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels as a source of energy in power stations, factories and homes. Exhaust gases from cars and lorries have resulted in further emissions of carbon dioxide.

Exercise 3.

Supply the passive forms with by + agent where necessary.

1.	1 When Jasper Morgan died his collection of pictures ____ (sell) to raise enough money to pay his taxes. Tremendous interest in the sale ____ (show/the general public).
2.	The music that ____ (compose/Beethoven) towards the end of his life is very different from his early music. The music ____ (write) in extremely difficult conditions.
3.	Many beautiful old buildings in cities ____ (replace/modern ones). If this replacement ____ (not control), it isn’t very long before a city loses its character.

Exercise 4.

Underline phrases which are not necessary in these sentences. Not all sentences contain unnecessary phrases.

1.	All her valuable jewelry has been stolen late at night by somebody.
2.	Our homework is corrected by our teacher.
3.	Flight 202 from France has been delayed by bad weather.
4.	The cocktails are being served by a waiter.
5.	They were shown round the city by a guide.
6.	The repair work was done by the mechanic.
7.	That car was checked by the inspector.
8.	The report hasn’t been examined by a committee of experts yet.

Exercise 5.

Turn these sentences into passive. Keep them in the same tense and remove they, we, someone, etc.

Model:

We clean rooms carefully every day. Rooms are cleaned carefully every day.

1.	Someone has given her a beautiful ring.
2.	We check every machine-tool thoroughly.
3.	We export our equipment to many foreign countries.
4.	They have cancelled the order.
5.	We closed the shop at 10 o’clock.
6.	They have constructed two buildings.
7.	We have invited all our friends to the party.
8.	9We have told them not to be late tomorrow.
9.	They promised me a lot of money for the project.
10.	Fortunately, they didn’t do any damage to the new device.

Exercise 6.

Complete each sentence with a passive verb.

Model:

The Prime minister signed the agreement. The agreement was signed by the Prime minister.

1.	Millions of people enjoy the game. The game __________.
2.	They will finish the report in two weeks. The report __________.
3.	They have just completed the project. The project __________.
4.	The president has announced the news. The news __________.
5.	They are building a hotel in the city center. The hotel __________.
6.	The police in New York arrested three robbers.
7.	Three robbers __________.
8.	They are painting the flat now. The flat __________.
9.	The government hasn’t changed the regulation yet. The regulation __________.
10.	They are rebuilding the damaged building. The damaged building __________.
11.	They have opened the sports center. The sports center __________.
12.	A criminal stole my purse. My purse __________.
13.	Arsenal won the cup last year. The cup __________.
14.	Someone will meet you at the airport. You __________.

Exercise 7.

Rewrite these sentences in the passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.

Model:

Visitors mustn’t feed the animals. The animals mustn’t be fed by visitors.

1.	We had warned him the day before not to go to the forest alone.
2.	They were examining the motor when the accident happened.
3.	You must clean the microwave oven every time you use it.
4.	You should water the flowers in a hot day.
5.	They are repairing the roof at the moment.
6.	Someone will drive your van to Cardiff on Tuesday.
7.	We don’t allow smoking at the office.
8.	We expect students not to consult any textbooks at the examination.

Exercise 8.

Put in the correct forms, active or passive, the verbs in brackets.

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