III. Choose 5 any words from the vocabulary and make your own sentences

I. Read and learn the following words

TEXT 17

X. Translate the text from Russian into English.

IX. Work in groups.

There are many views of creativity. Give your own definition of this process. If your definition were to be studied scientifically, what are the measurable results or characteristics of creative performance would support your view? Propose an experiment or a test that would utilize those objective components.

Творчество – конструктивная деятельность по созданию нового. Необходимый признак творчества – соответствие идеалам, целям, потребностям человека и человечества. Творчество по своей природе бескорыстно и несовместимо с эгоизмом. Важнейшие виды и результаты творчества – открытие и изобретение. Открытие устанавливает ранее не неизвестные в науке объективные закономерности, явления, свойства, эффекты, вносит коренные изменения в существующие научные знания. Изобретение связано с применением открытий или уже известных законов для создания новых систем, их отдельных компонентов. Открытие касается того, что уже существовало или существует в реальном мире; изобретение творит то, чего на данный момент времени нигде нет, и, следовательно, формирует мир техники и новых социальных отношений.

Таким образом, в процессе творчества не просто возникают новые предметы, но происходит развитие сущностных сил человека, он преобразует не только внешнюю среду, но и самого себя. В современную эпоху бурного развития науки и техники, преобразования общественных отношений особенно актуальными становятся вопросы обучения творчеству и воспитания творческих личностей.

PROBLEMSOLVING

● to recur [ri`kε:] снова возникать ● to overlap [`əuvə,læp] частично совпадать ● to identify [ai`dentifai] обнаруживать ● to define [di`fain] определять ● to explore [iks`plÉ:] изучать ● to evaluate [i`væljueit] оценивать ● trigger [`trigə] появляться, возникать ● gadget [`gædʒit] приспособление ● to diagram [`daiəgræm] нарисовать ● opinion [ə`pinjən] мнение ● technique [tek`ni:k] метод, способ ● subgoal [,sÙb`gəul] задача ● maze [meiz] лабиринт ● dead end тупик.

II. Find synonyms for the following words:

subgoal, technique, to explore, gadget, to define, dead-end, to diagram

impasse, task, belief, method, invention, to examine, to outline, to draw

IV. Write the derivatives of the following words:

to evaluate, define, identify, recur, to explore

V. Read the text “Problem Solving”

PROBLEMSOLVING

Every day we solve hundreds of small problems and in the process we learn routine actions for handling those that recur. Accordingly to one view, problem solving can be analyzed into four partly overlapping stages: (1) understanding or representing the problem; (2) planning a solution; (3) carrying out the plan; (4) evaluating the results. A similar formulation has been put forth by psychologists J. Bransford and B. Stein, who add an earlier, problem-identification stage; their five stages of problem solving are known as IDEAL.

I= Identify that a problem exists and what it is;

D=Define and represent the problem;

E=Explore possible strategies;

A=Act on a selected strategy;

L=Look back and evaluate the results.

I. Problem solving activities aren’t trigged unless someone identifies the existence of a problem. We all know that necessity is the mother of invention. That popular saying simply means that every inventor begins by noticing a need and then designs a gadget to solve it. Every tool, every appliance, every piece of furniture and every article of clothing represents a problem identified and then solved by some inventor.

D. Once a problem is identified, it is important to define it carefully and try to represent its essential features. A given problem may be defined in several ways and each way suggests a different path to a solution.

The way you represent a problem also can determine how easily you solve it. Visualization, either mental or on paper, often helps. One useful technique is to diagram the problem. Try working out the following problem in your head:

“There are three separate boxes of equal size. Inside each box are two separate, small boxes. Inside each small box four even smaller boxes. How many boxes are there altogether?”

E. A general rule is to avoid impulsive answers and to explore possible opinions systematically – breaking the problem into simpler, solvable parts; solving each of them, then combining the answers. The advantage of this technique becomes clear if you are asked, “What day follows the day before yesterday if two days from now will be Sunday?” Take if a step at a time. If two days from now is Sunday, today is Friday. The day before yesterday is Wednesday; the day following that is Thursday. You have your answer without any head-scratching.

Means-end analysis. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish the subparts and the order in which they should be tackled. A technique known as means-end analysis is designed to do just that. In this strategy, the overall problem is broken down into subgoals that can be achieved by solving smaller problems. Each subgoal you reach brings you closer to the solution of the problem.

Problem-solving as a search. Another way to look at the strategies involved in problem solving is to reformulate the problem as one involving search.

Walking Backward. An especially effective version of means-end analysis is walking backward from you goal. The mazes that appear in the Sunday comics page are easy to solve if you merely work backward from the endpoint, because that way you have fewer options that with the forward path, which is full of dead-ends.

Analogy. Sometimes the solution to another problem will suggest a way to solve a problem that seems quite different. This kind of solution requires you to find an analogy between two different systems whose parts are similar in some way.

A and L. Once the path is selected, you follow it, then check to see how it’s progressing. Those two problem stages are so closely related that they can not be discussed separately. It the problem was well-defined, you are likely to know soon whether your answer is correct.

VI. Finish the following sentences:

1. Every day we solve hundreds of small problems …..

2. According to one view ….

3. Problem-solving activities …..

4. A given problem may be defined….

5. One useful technique is …..

6. A general rule is …..

7. A technique known as ….

8. An especially effective version ….

9. Sometimes the solution to another problem ….

10. If the problem was well-defined …..

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