Префиксы с отрицательным значением

Наиболее употребительные префиксы.

Словообразование при помощи аффиксов

APPENDIX

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

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The types of learning involve direct experience. But direct experience can be an extremely inefficient way to learn some things. Think about a world in which punishment for our errors gradually shaped us into drivers or surgeons. The costs to other drivers or to patients as we “learned from our mistakes” would be intolerable. Although this is an extreme example, it makes the point: our knowledge is not limited to what we can learn from doing or responding, acting or reacting; we need not depend on trial and error. We can learn by watching others, a process that is known as observational learning.

In observational learning, we observe and then imitate the behavior of others. Other people serve as our models: by watching them, we can learn complete patterns of behavior instead of laboriously acquiring each step bit by bit. A model can us how to behave in new ways, how to stop behaving in a certain way, or how to behave in ways that have previously been forbidden. And we don’t have to imitate this behavior immediately; we can store it in memory and imitate it after weeks, months or even years have passed. Many of us imitate parents, teachers, or friends and some of us imitate prestigious people we will never meet – movie stars, fictional characters, or athletes. We tend to imitate those people whose behavior is rewarded rather than those who are punished or are not rewarded.

Through observational learning, we learn much more than specific behavioral responses. This form of learning is one of the chief ways we come to know our culture in general; it allows us to acquire abstract values, attitudes, and social styles, as well as ways of behaving. Research indicates that adults’ actions often seem to speak louder than their words. In one study when children watched models who preached high standards but practiced lower ones, the children adopted the model’s lower standards for themselves.

Образование слов может происходить при помощи аффиксов – префиксов и суффиксов. Префиксы стоят в начале слова они изменяют его значение, но не меняют его принадлежности к той или иной части речи.

Суффиксы служат для образования одной части речи из другой.

К префиксам с отрицательным значением относятся un-, in-, dis-, non-. Присоединение того или другого отрицательного префикса не подчиняется определенным правилам и зависит от установившегося словоупотребления в языке:

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27