NATO concept

NATO's essential and enduring purpose set out in the Washington Treaty, is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means. Based on common values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law, the Alliance has striven since its inception to secure a just and lasting peaceful order in Europe. The achievement of this aim can be put at risk by crisis and conflict affecting the security of the Euro-Atlantic area. The Alliance therefore not only ensures the defense of its members but contributes to peace and stability in this region. The fundamental guiding principle by which the Alliance works is that of common commitment and mutual cooperation among sovereign states in support of the indivisibility of security for all of its members. Solidarity and cohesion within the Alliance, through daily cooperation in both the political and military spheres, ensure that no single Ally is forced to rely upon its own national efforts alone in dealing with basic security challenges. Without depriving member states of their right and duty to assume their sovereign responsibilities in the field of defense, the Alliance enables them through collective effort to realize their essential national security objectives.

To achieve its essential purpose, as an Alliance of nations committed to the Washington Treaty and the United Nations Charter, the Alliance performs the following fundamental security tasks:

Security: To provide one of the indispensable foundations for a stable Euro-Atlantic security environment, based on the growth of democratic institutions and commitment to the peaceful resolution of disputes, in which no country would be able to intimidate or coerce any other through the threat or use of force.

Consultation: To serve, as provided for in Article 4 of the Washington Treaty, as an essential transatlantic forum for Allied consultations on any issues that affect their vital interests, including possible developments posing risks for members' security, and for appropriate co-ordination of their efforts in fields of common concern.

Deterrence and Defense: To deter and defend against any threat of aggression against any NATO member state as provided for in Articles 5 and 6 of the Washington Treaty.

Security challenges and risks

Notwithstanding positive developments in the strategic environment and the fact that large-scale conventional aggression against the Alliance is highly unlikely, the possibility of such a threat emerging over the longer term exists. The security of the Alliance remains subject to a wide variety of military and non-military risks which are multi-directional and often difficult to predict.

These risks include uncertainty and instability in and around the Euro-Atlantic area and the possibility of regional crises at the periphery of the Alliance, which could evolve rapidly. Some countries in and around the Euro-Atlantic area face serious economic, social and political difficulties. Ethnic and religious rivalries, territorial disputes, inadequate or failed efforts at reform, the abuse of human rights, and the dis solution of states can lead to local and even regional instability. The resulting tensions could lead to crises affecting Euro-Atlantic stability, to human suffering, and to armed conflicts. Such conflicts could affect the security of the Alliance by spilling over into neighbouring countries, including NATO countries, or in other ways, and could also affect the security of other states. The existence of powerful nuclear forces outside the Alliance also constitutes a significant factor which the Alliance has to take into account if security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area are to be maintained.

The proliferation of NBC (Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical) weapons and their means of delivery remains a matter of serious concern. In spite of welcome progress in strengthening international non-proliferation regimes, major challenges with respect to proliferation remain. The Alliance recognizes that proliferation can occur despite efforts to prevent it and can pose a direct military threat to the Allies' populations, territory, and forces. Some states, including on NATO's periphery and in other regions, sell or acquire or try to acquire NBC weapons and delivery means. Commodities and technology that could be used to build these weapons of mass destruction and their delivery means are becoming more common, while detection and prevention of illicit trade in these materials and know-how continues to be difficult. Non-state actors have shown the potential to create and use some of these weapons.

The global spread of technology that can be of use in the production of weapons may result in the greater availability of sophisticated military capabilities, permitting adversaries to acquire highly capable offensive and defensive air, land, and sea-borne systems, cruise missiles, and other advanced weaponry. In addition, state and non-state adversaries may try to exploit the Alliance's growing reliance on information systems through information operations designed to disrupt such systems. They may attempt to use strategies of this kind to counter NATO's superiority in traditional weaponry.

Any armed attack on the territory of the Allies, from whatever direction, would be covered by Articles 5 and 6 of the Washington Treaty. However, Alliance's security must also take account of the global context. Alliance security interests can be affected by other risks of a wider nature, including acts of terrorism, sabotage and organized crime, and by the disruption of the flow of vital resources. The uncontrolled movement of large numbers of people, particularly as a consequence of armed conflicts, can also pose problems for security and stability affecting the Alliance. Arrangements exist within the Alliance for consultation among the Allies under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty and, where appropriate, co-ordination of their efforts including their responses to risks of this kind.

2. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases. To safeguard; the rale of law; a commitment; a challenge; a resolution of disputes; to intimidate; to coerce; to affect; vital; a deterrence; to deter; a large-scale conventional aggression; a rivalry; the abuse of human rights; a dissolution; a proliferation; to pose a threat to; delivery means; weapons of mass destruction (WMD); offensive and defensive advanced weaponry; to provide for; adversary. 3. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases and make up your own sentences or situations with them. Роспуск; средства доставки (оружия массового поражения); защи­щать; представлять угрозу; обязательство; вызов; устрашать; враг/противник; решение споров; запугивать; нарушать права чело­века; принуждать; современное наступательное и оборонительное вооружение; затрагивать/влиять; жизненно важный; устрашение; широкомасштабная агрессия с применением обычного вооружения; оружие массового поражения; соперничество; распространение (ору­жия массового поражения); предусматривать/предписывать; верхо­венство закона.

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þ Артикль

1. The Federal government can borrow from the Federal Reserve to finance immense deficits, has done so, and surely will again when eco­nomic downturn calls for fiscal stimulus.

2. Government cutbacks in state spending have badly hit local authorities, and most have started _ big cutbacks, including layoffs that have worsened unemployment, currently at 2.06 million,or 8.5 per cent of the work force.

3. The Bundesbank said Thursday that it does not see any room for a retreat from its tight credits policies despite an economic downturn, which has spurred repeated calls for_ lower interest rates to stimulate the economy and fight unemployment.

4. There are legitimate questions about the stability of Monetary Union and the drive for a federal Europe that will not be resolved by the instinct to embrace the «modem» option.

5. A research officer at the department of economics at Birkbeek College, looked forward to forging links with groups in Eastern Europe in preparation for a European convention to be held possibly a year from now.

6. The ambitious plan of the Bolivian government calls not only for an end to new planting of coca plants, but for unprecedented eradication of existing crops. Compensation to individual farmers who voluntarily eradicate their plants is to stop by the end of this year. An alternative «community» scheme will be phased out by 2011.

7. All this boiled down to a demand, not yet explicitly stated, for a program of aid and reconstruction on the scale being planned for Europe at that time by the incipient Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC).

8. The coalition began campaigning for a tax to get at excessive oil profits early last fall.

9. It is time for a decision: without it, in the end, there will be no possible solution.

10. Twenty-four American political figures, most of them of Irish ancestry, Tuesday urged an end to «the fear and the terrorism and the bigotry» in Northern Ireland and proposed that the administration find a way to promote a peaceful settlement of the conflict.

11. The conference produced what's been described as the most probing discussions on plant closings that have yet been conducted in the USA. There was 100% support for a new federal agency to handle the shutdowns epidemic, and the conference adopted a plan outlining the need for a new Job Preservation Act in Congress to set up such an agency.

12. This is indeed a newworld. Butnot one that needs a new Columbus to claim it or reshape it.

13. The disclosure that a Pulitzer Prize-winning account had been fabricated has focused attention on the steps a newspaper or a broadcast station takes to verify a story when a reporter says the main participants cannot be identified.

14. Justice Department officials are developing a package of legislative proposals to increase the federal government's ability to fight violent crime.

15. A German Jewish leader stepped into the nationality dispute, warning in an interview Friday that it had given a dangerous boost to far-right groups, Agency France-Press reported from Bonn.

16. A bacterial outbreak linked to a Michigan meatprocessing plant has claimed eight lives, federal officials reported.

17. Taiwan's central bank has been considering lending to the central banks of Indonesia and Thailand. A negotiating team from Indonesia is expected in Taipei soon.

18. While the break-up of old fixed-wire monopolies preoccupied most consumers and investors, a quiet revolution was happening in wire­less service.

19. The immediate cause [of the violent riots in Harare] was a steep rise in the price of Zimbabwe's staple food, maize meal. A committee has now been appointed to review all recent price rises.

20. An array of cheap government loans and services was made avail­able to encourage investment in industry.

21. An IMF team will visit Brazil «promptly» to set new economic targets in light of the new currency regime and will soon open a permanent office in Brazilia.

22. Although few expect a quick upturn for the Chinese economy, the long-term optimists about China continue to rely on rosy economic fore­casts.

23. The merger trend is roaring full steam ahead in the world auto in­dustry, on a scale not seen since the 1920s. Back in 1921, there were 88 auto manufacturers in the U.S. By 1928, only 32 remained. Today there are only 25 auto manufacturers in the world! And by all indications, only a few of these will survive the next few years.

24. Few diseases have been as politicised as AIDS. And in few other cases is political correctness such a danger to the disease's victims.

25. To the average housewife, who can see for herself that the prices in the supermarket are edging up, the Labor Department's bulletin last week was hardly a surprise.

26. But few housewives or their husbands either, were aware of another, «invisible» form of inflation — namely, reductions in the size of pack­ages that are not accompanied by reduction in price.

27. Few industries can boast such rapid growth as this one.

28. Few other international problems have such a complex structure or such wide repercussions.

29. That in turn has left him with little immediate choice but to be­come more repressive still: to re-establish his authority by force of loyal soldiery.

30. The Labour leaders never faced up to what was involved in breaking the grip of the giant monopolies on the British economy. They showed little understanding of the nature of the state, or of the kind of battle needed to transform it.

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