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Permission,
Can § 76. The modal verb can has the following forms: can — the § 77. Can has the following meanings: e.g. I can imagine how angry he is. This meaning may also be expressed by to be able. The phrase In the meaning of ability and capability can occurs in all kinds e.g. She can play a few simple tunes on the piano. In this case can is followed by the simple infinitive (see the ex- e.g. We can discuss your paper after lunch. However, if the time reference is not clear from the context or e.g. He will be able to write to us from Portugal. The form could may be used in past-time contexts and in this e.g. He could read a great deal during the holidays. The form could may also be used in present-time contexts in e.g. "I don't want my daughter to be a typist." "Why not? She could be secretary to some interesting man." (могла бы быть) As the form could may be used in two ways (see § 76) it is If there is no indication of past time in the context but the speak e.g. She was able to explain the mystery. In combination with the perfect infinitive could indicates that e.g. She could have explained the mystery. Она могла бы объяс- 2) possibility due to circumstances, e.g. You can see the forest through the other window. We can use either the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect In this meaning can is found in all kinds of sentences. It is fol- e.g. You can obtain a dog from the Dogs' Home at Battersea. In past-time contexts the form could is used. It is followed by e.g. You could see the forest through the other window before the The form could in combination with the simple infinitive may e.g. You could see the house from here if it were not so dark. In combination with the perfect infinitive, could indicates that e.g. You could have seen the house from there if it had not been Note. When could is used with reference to the past it denotes only the ability e.g. He managed to settle the difficulty. If an action was not realized in the past it is expressed with the help of to fail, e.g. He failed to reach the peak. He did not manage to settle the difficulty. Compare with the Russian: Он мог (был способен) переплыть Волгу в юно- But: Он смог переплыть Волгу а прошлом году. — Не managed to swim As for to be able, it may, depending on the lexical character of the infinitive e.g. He was able to speak English well. (Он мог/умел хорошо говорить по-англий- ски.) Не was able to get the book from the library. (Он смог достать книгу в биб- e.g. You can take my umbrella. Can in this meaning is found in affirmative sentences, inter- Cf. You can use my car. In this meaning can is combined with the simple infinitive. e.g. Could I use your car? The form could is found in reported speech (i.e. in accordance e.g. He said that I could use his car. He asked me if he could use my car. 4) uncertainty, doubt, e.g. Can it be true? In this meaning can is found only in interrogative sentences Depending on the time reference, can in this meaning is used Thus, if reference is made to the present, the simple infinitive e.g. Can he really be ill? With dynamic verbs, the continuous infinitive is used. e.g. Can she be telling lies? Can he be making the investigation all alone? Can in combination with the perfect infinitive refers the ac- e.g. Can he have said it? Can she have told a lie? The combination of can with the perfect infinitive may also e.g. Can she really have been at home all this time? However, if can is followed by a dynamic verb the Perfect e.g. Can she have been waiting for us so long? Could with reference to the present is also used in this way, e.g. Could it be true? Could she be telling lies? Could he have said it? Could she have been waiting for us so long? In Russian both variants, with can and could, are rendered in 5) improbability, In this meaning can is found only in negative sentences, which e.g. He can't be really ill. She can't have been at home all this time. Could is also used in this way making the statement less cate- e.g. It couldn't be true. She couldn't be telling lies. He couldn't have said it. She couldn't have been at home all this time. She couldn't have been waiting for us so long. § 78. Can and could followed by different forms of the infinitive, e.g. What can (could) he mean? It can be rendered in Russian as: Что, собственно, он имеет § 79. As is seen from the above examples, the form could refer- ability — He can speak English. He could speak English if necessary. possibility due to circumstances — You can get the book from the library. You could get the book from the library if necessary. In the other meanings, however, this difference between the a) permission — Can I use your pen? Could I use your pen? (more polite) b) uncertainty, doubt, improbability — Can it be true? Could it be true? (less certain) It can't be true. It couldn't be true, (less certain) § 80- In addition to the above cases illustrating the inde- e.g. I'll leave the newspaper on the table so that he can see it at once. I left the newspaper on the table so that he could see it at § 81. Note the following set phrases with can: a) She can't help crying.
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