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Didhe have to doit? He did not have to do it
To have to § 92. To have to as a modal verb is not a defective verb and e.g. He is an invalid and has to have a nurse. was taking place that day. some time with the research people." mix with all those people in the smoking-room. The interrogative and negative forms of the modal verb to have e.g. Why do I have to do everything? don't have to explain." he already knew. § 93. The verb to have to serves to express obligation or neces- In this meaning it is found in all kinds of sentences — af- e.g. He had to do it. In negative sentences to have to denotes absence of necessity 1 The interrogative and negative forms of the modal verb to have to built up without e.g. You don't have to go there. (Вам не нужно/нет необходимо- § 94. In spoken English the meaning of obligation and necessi- e.g. He has got to go right now. This combination may also be found in the past tense, though e.g. He had got to sell his car. § 95. Note the set phrase had better. e.g. A few drops began to fall. "We'd better take shelter," she said. (Нам лучше укрыться.) She didn't like to say that she thought they had better not Had better is followed by the infinitive without to. to be to § 96. To be to as a modal verb is used in the present and past e.g. We are to meet at six. § 97. To be to as a modal verb has the following meanings: 1) a previously arranged plan or obligation resulting from the arrangement, e-g. We are to discuss it next time. We were to discuss it the following week. Is he to arrive tomorrow? Who was to speak at the meeting? This meaning of to be to is found in affirmative and interro- The past tense of the verb to be to in combination with the e.g. I promised to go to a club with her last Tuesday, and I really 2) orders and instructions, often official (frequently in report- e.g. I just mention it because you said I was to give you all the details I could. Norman says I am to leave you alone. In this meaning to be to is found in affirmative and negative 3) something that is destined to happen, e.g. He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come. He did not know at the time that he was never to see his na- It's been a great blow to me that you haven't been able to This meaning of to be to is rendered in Russian as суждено. It 4) possibility, e.g. Her father was often to be seen in the bar of the Hotel Metro pole. Where is he to be found? In this meaning to be to is equivalent to can or may. It is used § 98. Note the following set phrases with the modal verb to be to: Where am I to go? (Куда же мне идти? Куда же мне деваться?) § 99. То be to in the form of were to + infinitive for all per- e.g. If he were to come again I should not receive him. musty to have to and to be to Compared § 100. The verbs must, to have to and to be to have one mean- e.g. I must do it. (/ want to do it.) He must do it himself. (7 shan't help him.) To have to expresses obligation or necessity imposed by circum- e.g. What a pity you have to go now. (It's time for you to catch your train.) To be to expresses obligation or necessity resulting from an e-g. We are to wait for them at the entrance. (We have arranged Sometimes the idea of obligation is absent and to be to ex- e-g. We are to go to the cinema tonight. Note. In public notices we find must because they express obligation imposed The same is true of prohibition expressed in negative sentences, In the past tense, however, the difference in the use of the Must has no past tense. It is used in past-time contexts only in reported speech. e.g. He said he must do it himself. Had to + infinitive is generally used to denote an action which I needed money.) and he would have got wet if he hadn't.) Was (were) to + infinitive is used to denote an action planned e.g. We were to meet him at the station. (It is not clear from the If the speaker wishes to make it clear at once that the plan § 101. In reported speech (in past-time contexts) must remains e.g. He said he must do it without delay. The doctor told her that she must eat. Parallel to must, had to + infinitive is also used occasionally . He said he had to make a telephone call at once. In this case had to is close to must in meaning: it does not in- Note. Care should be taken not to replace must by had to in reported speech as ought to § 102. The modal verb ought to has only one form which is used § 103. Ought to has the following meanings: ;. You ought to say a word or two about yourself. In this meaning ought to is possible in all kinds of sentences, Generally ought to refers an action to the future and is fol- e.g. At your age you ought to be earning your living. In combination with the perfect infinitive ought to in the affir- e-g. You ought to have chosen a more suitable time to tell me He ought to have put everything off. In the negative form ought to in combination with the Perfect e.g. I'm sorry. I oughtn't to have said it. You oughtn't to have married her, David. It was a great mis- e.g. The new sanatorium ought to be very comfortable. The use of ought to in this case is not very common as this Note the set phrases He/you ought to know it (=he is/you are shall and should § 104. Historically, shall and should were two forms of the shall § 105. In modern English the modal meaning of obligation in the future tense. Shall is still used to express obligation with the second and This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by 1 Shall was the present tense of the Indicative Mood; should was the Subjunctive At present, however, this meaning of obligation, somewhat e.g. You shall have my answer tomorrow. "You shall stay just where you are!" his mother cried angrily. The meaning of obligation may also be traced in interrogative e.g. Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Miss Fleur? Sentences of this kind are usually rendered in Russian with the should § 106. In modern English the modal verb should is used with § 107. Should has the following meanings: 1) obligation, which in different contexts may acquire addi- e.g. It's late. You should go to bed. You shouldn't miss the opportunity. Should in this meaning is found in all kinds of sentences. Like With reference to the present should is used with the Continu- e-g- You shouldn't be sitting in the sun. Move out of it into the hade. Should may be combined with the Perfect infinitive. In this e.g. He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home. In a negative sentence should + Perfect infinitive serves to e.g. Oh, Renny, you shouldn't have done as you did! 2) supposition implying strong probability, The use of should in this case does not seem to be very com- § 108. In addition to the above mentioned cases showing the e.g, 1 suggest that you should stay here as if nothing had happened. should know what we've just heard." She was terrified lest they should go on talking about her. so that I shouldn't see. § 109. Should may have a peculiar function — it may be used 1) In special emphatic constructions, where a simple predicate a) in rhetorical questions beginning with why, Why shouldn't you invite him? (Почему бы вам его не при- гласить?) b) in object clauses beginning with why, e.g. The door opened and who should come in but Tom. (Дверь As I was crossing the street, whom should I meet but Aunt e) in the set phrase How should I know? (Почем я знаю?). e-g. a) I went into business with her as her partner. Why shouldn't There were fifteen equally good reasons why she should 2) In certain types of subordinate clauses where should + in- "Verbs", § 130): a) in object clauses after expressions of regret, surprise, sometimes pleasure or displeasure, e.g. I'm sorry that you should think so badly of me. (Мне жаль, что вы так плохо обо мне думаете.) about it. The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed here. The e.g. It is absurd that such things should happen to a family like It was strange that he should be asking those questions. be in love. In the principal clause we find such expressions as it is won- As we see from the above examples, the rules of the sequence If the action of the subordinate clause precedes that of the 1 After the affirmative it is possible (likely, probable) a simple predicate is used" e.g. It is inconceivable that Mrs Crosbie should have written such It's much better that you should have found everything out It infuriated her that he should have spoken to her in such a tone. Note. Should + infinitive may be occasionally found instead of a simple predi- a) in predicative clauses, e.g. The part that interests me is that such a thing should happen to such people. b) in appositive clauses, e.g. The fact that he should have made such a brilliant speech surprised me greatly. c) in constructions of the following kind, e.g. That it should come to this! (И до чего дошло дело!) То think that it should come to this! (Только подумать, до чего дошло дело!) То think that it should have happened to me! (Только поду- То sum it up, it should be said that as compared to the use of
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