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TheUse of Forms Expressing Unreality in Appositive and Predicative Clauses
§ 137. In appositive clauses which are usually introduced by As a rule, the Indicative Mood is found in this kind of clauses. e-g. The idea that he thought himself anything but intelligent was absurd. He is under the impression that I am hiding something from § 138. But should + infinitive (or rarely the Subjunctive Mood) is e.g. He told me of his desire that all should be happy as long as it involved no inconvenience to himself. that they should live in Europe. he dismiss the case. The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed in this case. § 139. The same rules hold good for predicative clauses — gen- The fact was that I hardly knew what to say. The trouble is that he didn't find him in. The rules of the sequence of tenses are observed in this case. § 140. But when the subject of the principal clause is ex- go along there and see what we can do. His desire was that life should fall in with his own limited The Use of Forms Expressing Unreality § 141. Forms expressing unreality are found in clauses of pur- Adverbial Clauses of Purpose § 142. An adverbial modifier of purpose is usually expressed e.g. He said that he was going out to buy some stationary. The infinitive may sometimes {though not often) be preceded e.g. I had to keep drinking coffee in order to stay awake. You'd better wait outside so as to be at hand if I want you. So as is more often used to introduce a negative infinitive, § 143. A subordinate clause of purpose is found when the sub- Clauses of purpose are introduced by the conjunction so that e.g. As you go, leave the door open so that the light from the She dressed quickly for dinner so that she might see him the You'll have to come into the hospital so that we can keep you He slid out of bed, felt his way over to the door of the room, If the verb in the subordinate clause is in the negative form, e-g. I stood up, my back turned so that he should not see my face. In literary style we sometimes find clauses of purpose intro- flow from them, (...чтобы из них не потекли слезы.) The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed here. e.g. I, too, want to live in London so that the children will have Adverbial Clauses of Comparison § 144. In clauses of comparison introduced by the conjunctions The form of the Past Indefinite (or Continuous) shows that e.g. He asked me the question as if the answer were really impor- He looks as though he had plenty of determination. though she did not exist. Note. In contemporary English the form were is sometimes replaced by was in 1 This conjunction should not be confused with the homonymous conjunction lest The form of the Past Perfect (Continuous) shows that the action e.g. Bosinney gazed at him as though he had not heard. The dog rushed at me and licked my hands in a frenzy of de- He sounded breathless on the telephone as though he had If the action of the subordinate clause follows the action of e.g. She sank back on her chair and leaning her head on her hands began to weep as though her heart would break. The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed in such Note 1. Compare complex sentences with a clause of comparison in Russian and e.g. Она смотрела на меня так, словно не узнавала меня. — She looked at me as if she did not recognize me. Он говорил о фильме так, будто он сам его видел. — Не spoke of the film In Russian it is generally necessary to use the correlative так in the principal Note 2. Clauses introduced by as if and as though are treated as predicative e.g. At first he sounded as though he were trying to avoid a scene. Complex Sentences with a Subordinate Clause of Condition § 145. Complex sentences with a subordinate clause of condi- 1 In conditional sentences forms expressing unreality are used in both the princi- In sentences of real condition we find the Indicative Mood. e.g. If you continue in this way you'll break your mother's heart. Sentences of real condition may also refer to the present or e.g. I always lose money if I bet. In the evenings we played chess or strolled about if it was fine. It should be noted that sentences of the latter kind express Clauses of condition are usually joined to the principal clause Note. If has the most general meaning of all the conjunctions introducing e.g. We never part with things, you know, unless we want something in their place. While if... not can be used instead of unless, though the clause will be de- In case also has a specific shade of meaning implying purpose as well as condi- e.g. I'd like the doctor handy in case she feels worse. I've made provision in case anything happens to me. Supposing (that) and suppose (that) preserve the meaning of supposition as e.g. Suppose he doesn't turn up, what shall we do? What will his uncle think of him, supposing it's true? Providing (that) and provided (that) are rather narrow in meaning indicating a e.g. But so long as a Forsyte got what he was after, he was not too particular about the means, provided appearances were saved. We are prepared to sign the agreement providing that you guarantee the high On condition (that) is also connected with its original meaning (при условии) e.g. I will agree to this year's budget on condition that we drop this foreign busi- All these conjunctions may be used in sentences of both real and unreal condition. § 146. In sentences of unreal condition we find forms express- The action of the if-clause is represented by the speaker as con- When a sentence of unreal condition refers to the present or e.g. How nice it would be for Mother if we had a car. You ought to know your uncle by this time. He's just like a child. He'd be a pauper tomorrow if I didn't see to things. recommend that she should be taken there. When a sentence of unreal condition refers to the past, we e.g. It would have been too wonderful if he had said that. But he didn't.
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