English equivalents

III. Choose in the library two or three annotations from books on your speciality. Characterize them according to the structure, composition, context, language, length and assignment.

II. Use the plan and rules of annotation and write down an abstract in Ukrainian to the text written above.

English equivalents

1. The text is about....The text tells about...

2. The article is devoted to...

3. The objective of this article is...

4. The problems of... are considered in the article.

5. The work gives the characteristics of...

6. The author examines / treats the problems connected with...

7. The questions of... are described in the paper.

8. The author mentions / recommends / believes...

9. The book / paper / work is for...

10. The author outlines / views / reviews...

11. The paper calls attention to the fact that...

12. For the first time the basic scientific foundation of... is given

13. Using.. the author expresses / describes the idea of...

14. Such problems as... are investigated

15. Analysing the experience / problem, the author pays attention to...

16. The history of... is given briefly.

Exercises:

I. Make a plan to the text:

TYPES OF EVAPORATOR CONSTRUCTION

The three principal types of evaporator construction are: (1) bare-tube, (2) plate-surface, and (3) finned.

Bare-tube and plate-surface evaporators are sometimes classified together as prime-surface evaporators in that the entire surface of both these types is more or less in contact with the vaporizing refrigerant inside. With the finned evaporator, the refrigerant-carrying tubes are the only prime surface. The fins themselves are not filled with refrigerant and are, therefore, only secondary heat transfer surfaces whose function is to pick up heat from the surrounding air and conduct it to the refrigerant carrying tubes.

Although prime-surface evaporators of both are the bare-tube and plate-surface types give satisfactory surface on a wide variety of applications operating in any temperature range, they are most frequently applied to applications where the space temperature is maintained below 34°F and frost accumulation on the evaporator surface cannot be readily prevented. Frost accumulation on prime-surface evaporators does not affect the evaporator capacity to the extent that it does on finned coils. Furthermore, most prime-surface evaporators, particularly the plate-surface type, are easily cleaned and can be readily defrosted manually by either brushing or scraping off the frost accumulation. This can be accomplished without interrupting the refrigerating process and jeopardizing the quality of the refrigerated product.

SUMMARY. ESSAY. SYNOPSIS. Review.

РЕФЕРАТ

"Реферат (від лат. refero — доповідаю) — короткий виклад (перед аудиторією або в письмовій формі) наукової праці, вчення, змісту книги тощо; доповідь на задану тему"

(Словник іншомовних слів. За редакцією академіка АН УРСР О.С.Мельничука. Головна редакція УРЕ, Київ, 1985)

На відміну від анотації, яка відповідає на питання, про що йдеться в первинному документі, реферат дає відповідь на запитання, що саме, що нове, особливе міститься у первинному документі і передає основний зміст документу, нову проблемну інформацію, яка міститься в ньому.

Складання рефератів (реферування) являє собою процес аналітично-синтетичної переробки первинних документів з метою їх аналізу та витягнення необхідної інформації.

Види рефератів

Реферати-конспекти (Synopsis), які містять у загальному вигляді всі основні положення первинного документу, ілюстративний матеріал, найважливішу аргументацію, відомості про методику винаходження, використання обладнання, сферу використання.

Реферати-резюме (Summary) містять лише ті основні положення, які тісно пов'язані з темою документа, що реферується.

За кількістю первинних джерел, що реферуються, реферати поділяються н а монографічні (summary, synopsis), складені за одним документом, та оглядові (essay), складені за декількома документами на одну тему.

Композиційно текст реферату найбільш часто складається з трьох частин: вступу, основної частини та заключної частини.

У вступній частині, як правило, наводяться короткі відомості про автора (або авторів) та дається загальна характеристика джерела.

В основній частині наводяться всі суттєві положення, нові дані, які містяться у первинному документі.

У заключній частині подаються висновки автора, узагальнення, резюме.

Заключна частина не є обов'язковою у рефераті. Часто текст реферату закінчується викладанням останнього розділу джерела реферування.

Кліше для реферування на українській мові

1. Робота / книга / стаття складається з... розділів і присвячена аналізу...

2. Перший розділ подає скорочену історію питання...

3. Характеризується роль та значення...

4. По-перше... По-друге... По-третє...

5. У другій частині і у другому розділі робиться спроба з'ясувати...

6. Наступний розділ розкриває...

7. Розкривається значення...

8. Свої дослідження автор підтверджує малюнками і таблицями.

9. Автор продовжує досліджувати...

10. На думку автора...

11. Автор розглядає і робить висновок і вказує...

12. Оцінюючи..., можна зробити висновок, що...

13. Автор застерігає...

14. У кінці статті автор робить висновок, що...

15. Автор підводить підсумки...

1. The work / paper / book / article consists of... chapters and is devoted to the analysis of

2. The first chapter / part deals with the short history of the problem...

3. The role and importance... are characterized

4. Firstly... Secondly... Thirdly...

5. The second chapter / part endeavours to clear up...

6. The next chapter discovers...

7. The meaning / importance of... is examined.

8. The study is completed by figures and tables.

9. The author goes on to examine / to discover / to discuss...

10. In the author's opinion...

11. The author considers / concludes / points out...

12. Evaluating..., the conclusion can be drawn that...

13. The author warns that...

14. At the end of the article the author sums up / makes conclusions that...

15. The author summarizes the results of...

Exercises:

I. Write down a summary of the following text:

PACKAGING MATERIALS

Dehydration,one of the principal factors limiting the storage life of frozen foods, is greatly reduced by proper packaging. Unpackaged products are subject to serious moisture losses not only during the freezing process but also during the storage period. While in storage, unpackaged frozen products lose moisture to the air continuously by sublimation. This eventually results in a condition known as "freezer-burn", giving the product a white, leathery appearance. Freezer-burn is usually accompanied by oxidation, flavor changes, and loss of vitamin content.

With few exceptions, all products are packaged before being placed in frozen storage. Although most products are packaged before freezing, some, such as loose frozen peas and lima beans, are packaged after the freezing process.

To provide adequate protection against dehydration and oxidation, the packaging material should be practically 100% gas and vapor proof and should fit tightly around the product to exclude as much air as possible. Too, air spaces in packages have an insulating effect which reduce the freezing rate and increase freezing costs.

The fact that frozen products are in competition to products preserved by other methods introduces several factors which must be taken into account when selecting packaging materials. When the products to be sold directly to the consumer, the package must be attractive and convenient to use in order to stimulate sales. From a cost standpoint, the package should be relatively inexpensive and of such a nature that it permits efficient handling so as to reduce processing costs.

Some packaging materials in general use are aluminium foil, tin cans, impregnated paper board cartons, paper-board cartons over-wrapped with vapor-proof wrappers, wax paper, cellophane, polyethylene, and other sheet plastics.

Frozen fish are often given an ice glaze (a thin coating of ice) which provides an excellent protective covering. However, since the ice glaze is very brittle, glazed fish must be handled carefully to avoid breaking the glaze. Too, since the ice glaze gradually sublimes to the air, the fish must be reglazed approximately once a month by dipping into fresh water or by spraying.

II. While writing a summary in English of any text proposed by your teacher, mind the following:

1.A good summary should contain:

1) a brief summary of the argument, or at least the main conclusions,

2) a clear statement of the writer's point of view

3. A summary is very brief in comparison to the essay.

Lesson C. Speech Practice

ODESA STATE ACADEMY OF REFRIGERATION

Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration is the unique in Ukraine specialized higher educational establishment. It has been functioning since 1922 when it was founded.

The Academy amounts about 3,000 students trained by a highly qualified pedagogical staff. Among the lecturers of the educational establishment there are academicians and professors who regularly take part in International Conferences and Congresses. Scientific research and close relations with the world's leading firms give opportunity to use the latest achievements of science in teaching.

Today Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration comprises three institutes: Low-Temperature Engineering and Technology, Energetics and Ecology and the Institute of Distant Education and the Faculty of Information Technologies.

At these institutes students master programming, computer-aided design, robotics, energy-saving carriers and their technology, learn to solve environmental problems and some actual tasks of refrigerating and cryogenic engineering, thermophysics and air-conditioning.

Two forms of training (full-time and by correspondence) last 5 and 6 years, respectively. School leavers are admitted after passing the competitive entrance examinations.

Students are provided with hostel accommodation, sport and recreation facilities. The computing center and numerous laboratories well-equipped with up-to-date apparatuses and devices, the large library are at the student's disposal.

The academic year is divided into two terms. During the terms students attend lectures and classes, do laboratory works. Subjects of general education: mathematics, physics, chemistry, theoretical mechanics, students study doing the first and second years. Three foreign languages are taught at the Academy: English, French and German. Special departments deliver lectures and lead seminars on theory of processes, machines, refrigerating and cryogenic installations, the fundamentals of designing, operation of vapour compression refrigerating machines, air-conditioning installations, fundamentals of heat-and-mass transfer, resistance theory, hydro and gas dynamics, thermophysical properties of refrigerants, insulating and lubricating materials, etc.

At the end of each term students take credit tests and examinations. The whole course of the students' theoretical and practical training according to the curriculum is completed by taking final examinations in special subjects and defence of diploma projects.

Graduates receive degrees of Bachelors (B.Sc.) after 4 years of study, and Masters (M.Sc.) after 5 years. Those, who want to continue their studies, can do a post-graduate course which takes 3 years.

Notes: unique /ju:'ni:k/ унікальний

at (smb's) disposal у розпорядженні

department кафедра, відділ, факультет

installation установка

lubricating materials мастильні матеріали

environmental problems проблеми навколишнього середовища

curriculum /kə'rikjuləm/ навчальний план, програма

diploma projects дипломні проекти

Exercises:

Дата добавления: 2014-12-29